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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


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THE  CATHEDRAL  OF  COLOGNE. 


AMERICAN  GLOSSARY 


ARCHITECTURAL  TERMS, 


BEING 


A  CONCISE  AND  COMPREHENSIVE  COMPILATION  OF  ALL  TERMS 
USED  IN  THE  PRACTICE  OF  ARCHITECTURE  AND  THE 

8UILDING  0RTS. 


A  COMPLETE  DICTIONARY! 

OF  OVER  THREE  THOUSAND  TERMS. 

HISTORICAL,  DESCRIPTIVE,  THEORETICAL,  MECHANICAL. 


Illustrated 

BY  MANY  SELECTED  AND  ORIGINAL  DRAWINGS. 


By  GEO.  O.  GARNSEY,  ARCHITECT, 

EDITOR  "NATIONAL  BUILDER,"  AUTHOR  OF  "TRUSSED  ROOFS,"  "ESTIMATING,' 
"HOW  TO  BUILD  A  HOUSE,"  Etc.,  Etc. 


CHICAGO,  ILL. 


Entered  According  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  Year  1887,  by 
GEO.  O.  GAKNSEY, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


THE    NATIONAL    BUILDER    PUBLISHING  CO. 


TO  THE 


ARCHITECTS  AND  BUILDEES 

OF 

AMERICA, 

WHOSE  ARTISTIC  GENIUS  AND  MECHANICAL,  ABILITY 
IS  CREATING  A 

NATIONAL  STYLE  OF  ARCHITECTURE, 

THIS  VOLUME  IS  FRATERNALLY  DEDICATED, 

BY  THE  AUTHOR, 


IHE  GETTY  CENTER 
I IBRARY 


PREFACE  TO  FIRST  EDITION. 


The  benefits  of  a  complete  and  properly  compiled  Glossary  of  Architec  - 
tural  Terms  are  so  apparent  to  those  who  study  or  practice  the  science  of  build- 
ing; and  the  extreme  difficulty  under  which  the  author  labored,  during  a 
life-long  study  of  his  profession,  without  a  proper  book  of  reference,  has  resulted 
in  this  volume. 

It  represents  twenty  years  of  constant  study,  and  a  consultation  of  many 
works  bearing  on  the  subject. 

The  object  has  been  to  prepare  a  concise  dictionary  of  all  proper  terms 
used  in  America  and  England,  but  not  to  treat  of  words  whose  etymology  is 
uncertain.  It  is  the  only  work  of  the  kind  ever  issued  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
the  American  Architect  and  Builder,  arranged  from  a  professional  and  practical 
standpoint.  The  illustrations  have  been  carefully  selected  from  most  celebrated 
works,  together  with  many  prepared  expressly  by 

THE  AUTHOR. 

Chicago,  1887. 


PREFACE  TO  THIRD  EDITION. 


The  hearty  endorsement  given  this  work  by  the  building  fraternity  gen- 
erally, has  induced  the  author  to  issue  a  third  edition. 

The  Glossary  has  taken  the  place  of  other  text  books,  and  has  been 
adopted  by  many  schools,  as  the  only  American  work  of  the  kind  up  to  date. 
It  will  be  found  of  great  value  to  the  student,  builder  and  practicing  architect. 
The  architectural  profession  and  the  press  have  given  it  their  approval  to  such 
an  extent,  that  the  publication  of  this  edition  has  become  a  necessity  to  supply 
the  demand  for  the  work. 

THE  AUTHOR. 

Chicago,  1802. 


AISLE 


AMERICAN  GLOSSARY 

OF 

ARCHITECTURAL  TERMS. 


A6A 


AM 


ABACI  (Lat.)  A  flat,  tabulated  surface  panel, 
or  sink,  used  above  the  dado  of  a  pedestal. 
ABACISCUS  (Lat.)   Small  tile,  or  mosaic,  of 
angular  shape,  us3d  in  the  construction  of 
pavements  or  hearths. 
ABACUS  vLat.)   In  classic  architecture,  the 
x  pperraost  member,  or  portion,  of  the  cap- 
ital to  a  column,  or  pilaster.    In  Gothic 
architecture,  the  springers  on  which  the 
g-oin  rests  at  liie  top  of  the  column. 
ABAMURUS  (Lat.)   A  buttress,  or  additional 

strengthening  to  a  wall. 
ABATED.    In  sculpture,  that  portion  of  the 
work  that  is  sunk  below  the  surrounding 
surfaces.    That  which  is  sunk  to  give 
relief. 

ABAT-  JOUR  (Fr.)  An  opening  in  a  rcof  used 
for  light  or  ventilation — a  sky-light.  The 
opening  in  roof  of  a  Grecian  temple. 

ABAT-SONS  (Fr.)  The  louvre  boards,  or  blinds, 
usually  placed  in  a  bell  tower  to  deflect 
sound,  and  to  protect  the  bells  and  ma- 
chinery from  the  weather. 

ABAT-VENT  (Fr.)  A  roof,  a  pinnacle  or 
belfry. 

AEAT-VOIX  (Fr. )  A  sounding  board,  canopy, 
or  construction  generally  erected  behind  a 
pulpit  or  rostrum  to  convey  and  distribute 
sovsad. 

ABBATTOIR  (Fr.)  A  building  built  for  the 
purpose  of  slaughter  of  animals  to  be  used 
for  food. 

ABBEY.  A  monastery,  or  religious  commun- 
ity, residing  in  a  building  presided  over  by 
an  abbot. 

ABCISSA.    An  intercepted  axis. 

ABCUS.  The  joii.ing  of  a  segment  of  a  circle 
with  a  straight  line  at  an  angle  of  45  de- 
grees. 

ABREUVOIR.  The  joints  or  interstices  of 
stone-work  which  are  filled  with  mortar  or 
cement. 

ABSIS.    (See  Apsis.) 

ABUTMENT.  Thatf,  construction  of  building 
material  which  is  intended  to  receive  the 
end  thrust  or  lateral  pressure  of  a  vault, 
arch  or  roof. 

ABUTTING.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  junc- 
ture of  two  separate  portions  of  building 
material. 

ACANTHINE.  A  fillet  or  border  decorated 
with  the  leaves  of  the  acanthus.  The 
crown  moulding  of  a  cornice,  in  classic 
architecture,  is  often  treated  in  this  man- 
ner. 

ACOUSTICS.  The  science  and  treatment  of 
sound  in  architecture. 

ACROPOLIS  (Gr.)  A  celebrated  building  of 
Athens,  a  citadel,  an  eminence;  particularly 
associated  with  Athenian  *b;toctnr*. 


ACROLINTHON  (Gr.)  A  colossal  statu-  erect- 
ed in  the  temple  of  Mars;  the  citadel  of 
ancient  Halicarnassus. 

ACROTERIA    /  Pedestals  placed  at  the  angles 

ACROTERIOM  \  and  over  the  centre  of  a 
pediment  in  classic  architecture. 

ACUTE  ANGLE.  An  angle  of  less  than  80 
degrees. 

ACUTE  ANGLE  TRIANGLE.  Where  all  the 
angles  are  acute. 

ADICULA.  A  small  chapel,  or  apsis,  to  a  ca- 
thedral or  religious  building. 

ADIT  (Lat.)  The  lobby,  bailor  entrance  to  a 
building. 

ADJACENT  ANGLED.  An  angle  immediately 

contiguous  to  another. 
ADYTUM  (Lat.)   The    vestment    or  retiring 

room  for  priests  in  ancient  temples. 
AECCLESIOLA.    (See  Adicula.) 
AEDICULA.    A  small  building,  or  temple,  as 

a  model. 
AELAMOTH.    (See  Adit.) 

AERARIUM  (Lat.)  In  Roman  architecture,  a 
treasury. 

AETIAIOI  (Gr.) )  In  Greek   architecture,  the 

AETIAIVI  )  stone  or  marble  slabs  form- 
ing the  tympanum  of  a  pediment. 

AETOMA  (Gr.)  The  sunken  portion  of  a  Gre- 
cian pediment. 

AIGUILLE  (Fr.)  A  term  given  to  an  Egyptian 
pyramid  or  obelisk,  or  a  building  of  pyra- 
midal form. 

AILE    )  A  passageway  between  seats;  particu- 

AISLE  \  larly  in  Gothic  architecture,  the 
term  is  given  to  the  lateral  or  exterior  por- 
tions of  the  three  subdivisions  of  a  church, 
as  between  the  outer  walls  and  the  central 
portion,  which  is  termed  the  Nave.  The 
space  between  the  side  walls  and  columns 
supporting  the  roof  of  a  cathedral. 

AILERON  (Fr.)  A  bracket  or  consol  in  the 
form  of  a  buttress,  supporting  the  roof  of  a 
building  or  higher  portion. 

AITRE.    A  hearth  or  chimney. 

ALA  (Lat.)    An  addition  or  wing  to  a  building. 

A  LA  CREQUE  (Fr.)  An  ornament  in  fret 
work,  used  in  panels  and  in  borders. 

ALAE.  Small  closets  or  apartments  each  side 
of  a  vestibule. 

ALBARIUM  (Lat).  A  sort  of  Roman  stucco  or 
plaster. 

ALBARIUM  OPUS  (Lat.)   (See  Albarium.) 

ALCHA  (Lat.)  A  room  in  a  Roman  house  for 
keeping  jars  and  vessels. 

ALCOVE.  A  recess  in  the  wall  of  a  room  :  an 
apartment  connected  to  one  of  larger  di- 
mensions by  an  arch  or  lintel,  and  not  un- 
frequently  used  to  contain  a  bed;  dresser, 
Tjgatel,  or  side-board. 


ALE 


ANG 


ALEATORIUM  (Lat.)  A  room  in  a  Roman 
house  dedicated  to  games  of  chance. 

ALEOIS.  In  Gothic  or  castellated  work,  loop 
holes  or  apertures  through  which  arrows 
or  cross-bolts  were  discharged. 

ALETTE.  The  face  in  reveal  of  a  pier  support- 
ing an  arch. 

ALHAMBRESQUE.  In  Moorish  architecture, 
a  peculiar  style  of  ornamentation  employed 
in  the  enrichments  of  panels  in  relief  and 
geometrical  patterns  upon  flat  surfaces. 

ALIPTERIUM  I  (Gr.)    An  anointing  room  in 

ALIPTERION  J     an  ancient  bath. 

A  LKOR ANS    )  Slender  minarets  or  lofty  shaf t- 

ALKORANES  j  like  towers  attached  to  Ori- 
ental mosques. 

ALLEGE  (Fr.)  A  panel  under  the  inside  stool 
of  a  window  frame,  finishing  down  to  the 
floor. 

ALLEGORY.  A  creation  in  art  or  architecture 
signifying  a  subject,  figuratively,  in  an 
analogous  form. 

ALLORIUM  [  ^  s*c*e  Portico  or  corridor. 
ALLEY.    A  street  or  passage  ;   a  church  aisle ; 

a  passage  from  one  building  to  another. 
ALMEMAR.    A  reading  desk  used  in  Hebrew 

worship. 

ALMERY  )  (Fr.)  A  niche,  cupboard  or  recess, 
AUMBRY  )     generally  located  near  the  altar 

in  cathedrals. 
ALMONRY  )  A  small  building  or  room  attached 
AMBRY      [    to  an  ecclesiastical  building  for 

the  distribution  of  alms. 
ALMS  HOUSE.    A  building  erected  for  the  ac- 
commodation and  maintenance  of  the  poor. 
ALORING.    A  wall  projecting  above  a  roof  as 
a  parapet. 

ALTAR.  A  pedestal  or  pillar  used  by  the 
ancients  for  sacrifices  and  offerings,  and  by 
Christians  for  the  celebration  of  the  sacra- 
ment. 

ALTAR  CLOTH.    Covering  to  an  altar. 
ALTAR  CROSS.    A  cross  used  on  an  altar  in 

Christian  service. 
ALTAR  DESK.    A  frame  or  small  desk  used 

on  an  altar. 

ALTAR  PIECE.    An  ornamental  construction 

as  a  background  to  an  altar. 
ALTAR  RAIL.    The  rail  in  front  of  the  altar. 
ALTAR  SCREEN.  A  screen  back  of  and  around 

the  altar. 

ALTO  RILIEVO  )  (Ital.)  Sculpture  projecting 
ALTO  RELIEVO  (     boldly  from  the  surround- 
ing surfaces,  relieved  by  deep  under-cut- 
ting. 
ALURA ) 

ALURE  [  (See  Alley.) 
ALUR  ) 

ALVEARY  (Lat.)   A  hollow-shaped  vessel. 

AMBE.    A  stage  or  rostrum. 

AMBITUS  ALTARIS  (Lat.)    That  part  of  a 

church  building  whose  walls  immediately 

enclose  the  altar. 
AMBO  ) 

AMBON  [  (See  Apse.)    Same  as  pulpit. 
A.MBOU 


AMBULATIO  (Lat.)  A  promenade ;  an  open 
space ;  a  portico  from  the  columns  to  the 
wall. 

AMBULATORY  (Lat.)    (See  Ambulatio). 
AMORTISSEMENT  (Fr.)    The  uppermost  ter- 
mination or  finish  to  an  architectural  struc- 
ture, as  a  finial,  etc. 
AMPHIPROSTYLE  )  In    classic   art,  a 

AMPHIPROSTYOS  (Lat.)  f  temple  having 
columns  surmounted  by  gables  or  pedi- 
ments at  each  end,  or  front  and  rear. 
AMPHITHEATRE  (Lat.)  i  A  spacious  elliptical 
AMPHITHEATRIAL  [  shaped  building, 
AMPHITHURA  )     surrounding  and 

enclosing  a  space  called  the  arena,  used  for 
feats,  contests  and  exhibitions. 
AMULET.    A  necklace,  charm  or  fillet. 
ANABATHRUM.    A  raised  seat  or  pulpit. 

(See  Allegory.) 


(Gr.)  Cutting  and  carving 
relief  work,  more  particu- 

-  larly  related  to  the  cutting 
of  gems.  (See  Alto  Ri- 
lievo.) 


ANACHRONISM. 
ANAGLYPHA  ' 
ANAGLYPTA 
ANAGLYPH 
ANAGLYPTIC 
ANAGLYPHIC 
ANAGLYPHICE  t 
ANALOGIA.    The  architectural  proportion  and 

symmetrical  distribution  of  parts. 
ANALOGIUM.    A  reading  desk. 
ANAMORPHOSIS.    An  unnatural  appearance 

of  perspective  lines  caused  by  too  near  a 

view. 

ANCHOR.  An  ornamental  metal  decoration  ; 
also,  the  term  is  applied  to  ties  and  fasten- 
ings in  constructive  architecture. 

ANCON  ) 

ANCONE  \  A  consol  or  bracket  to  a  cornice. 
ANCOVE ) 

ANDRON  (Gr.) )  An  open  hall  or  court  in  a 

ANDRONITIS  \    Grecian  house. 

ANGLE.  The  inclination  of  two  lines  and  their 
point  of  meeting. 

ANGLE  BAR.  A  horizontal  bar  or  muntin  to 
a  window  sash  or  frame. 

ANGLE  BEAD.  A  small  round  moulding  se- 
cured to  an  angle  of  any  architectural 
work. 

ANGLE  BRACE.    A  brace  or  angle  framing  in 

constructive  architecture. 
ANGLE  BRACKET.    A  bracket  or  framing  in 

the  angle  of  two  surfaces. 
ANGLE  BUTTRESS.    In  Gothic  architecture, 

a  buttress  projecting  from  the  external 

angle  of  two  walls. 
ANGLE  CAPITAL.    A  capital  placed  under 

the  corner  of  an  entablature,  sometimes 

having  a  double  face. 
ANGLE  IRON.    (See  Angle  Brace.) 
ANGLE  LEAF.    A  leaf  or  ornament  carved  at 

the  angle  of  the  base  of  a  column. 
ANGLE  MODILLION.    A  modillion  placed  at 

the  angle  of  a  cornice. 
ANGLE  OF  REPOSE.    The  first  joint  or  angle 

line  of  the  springing  of  an  arch. 
ANGLE  RAFTER.     That  portion  of  a  roof 

framing  at  the  external  angle. 
ANGLE  RIB.    A  curved  rafter  or  framing  at 

an  external  angle. 


ANTHEM  ION  ANGULAR  SHAFT. 


A  N  NULATED  SH  A  FT.  A  NTICK. 


ANG 


AQU 


ANGLE  STAFF.    (See  Angle  Bead.) 

ANGLETIE.     (See  Angle  Brace.) 

ANGLET  (Fr.)  A  rectangular,  V  shaped,  rusti- 
cated joint  in  stone-work. 

ANGLO-NORMAN  ARCHITECTURE.  A  term 
applied  to  tnat  style  of  architecture  prac- 
ticed in  England  from  and  after  the  con- 
quest, A.  D.  1066  to  1189. 

ANGLO-ROMANESQUE  ARCHITECTURE. 
A  term  applied  to  that  style  of  Architecture 
practiced  in  England  from  A.  D.  785  to 
1300,  in  which  the  marking  characteristic 
was  the  semi-circular  arch  as  distinct  from 
the  Anglo-Norman  style. 

ANGLO-SAXON  ARCHITECTURE.  A  term 
applied  to  the  several  styles  prevailing  in 
England  from  A.  D.  596  to  1066. 

ANGULAR  SHAFT.  The  shaft  of  a  column, 
that,  instead  of  being  circular  in  form,  is 
hexigon,  octagon  or  quadrangular. 

ANKER  HOLD.  A  small  room,  or  cell,  either 
connected  with  or  off  from  the  crypt  of  a 
cathedral. 

ANNEX.  A  building  subordinate  to  a  main 
building. 

ANNULET  )  (Lat.)  A  ring  or  small  moulding 
ANNULAR  V  encircling  a  column,  base  or 
ANNULAS  )    capital,  generally  applied  to  the 

Greek  Doric  order. 
ANNULATED  SHAFT.  The  shaft  of  a  column 

encircled  with  rings  or  fillets. 
ANTAE  )  (Gr.)   A  pilaster;  a  name  applied  to 
ANTE    [■    those  which  terminated  the  ends  of 
ANT^E  )     the  side  walls  of  a  Greek  temple. 
ANTECAPITULUM  (Lat.)   That  portion  of  a 
cloister  immediately  adjoining  the  door  of 
a  chapter  house. 
ANTECHAMBER  )  A  chamber,  room  or  chapel 
ANTEROOM         [    connecting  with  a  large 
ANTECHAPEL     )    hall,  auditorium  or  ca- 
thedral. 

ANTEFIXUM  )  (Lat.)  Carved  ornaments  or 
ANTEFIX^E    [    lions'  heads,  introduced  by 

classic  architects  to  enrich  the  cymatium  of 

a  cornice. 

ANTE  MURAL.    An  outwork,  fortification  or 

wall,  with  battlements  or  embrasures. 
ANTEPAGMENTUM  )  (Lat.)  The  jamb,  frame 
ANTEPAGMENTA    [      and  mouldings  sur- 
ANTEPAGMENTS     )      rounding  a  doorway; 

much  the  same  meaning  as  architrave. 
ANTEPENDIUM  (Lat.)    A  term  used  to  desig- 
nate the  front  of  an  altar  and  the  canopy 
overhead. 

ANTEPORTICO.  A  subordinate  or  advance 
portico  attached  to  a  main  portico,  as  in 
Greek  art. 

ANTERIDES.  A  buttress  acting  as  a  counter- 
fort to  strengthen  basement  or  heavy  walls. 

ANTEROOM.    (See  Antechamber.) 

ANTESOLARIUM  (Lat.)  A  balcony  facing 
the  east. 

ANTE  TEMPLE.  Same  sense  and  meaning  as 
Annex. 

ANTEVANNA  )  A  canopy,  or  projecting  roof, 
ANTE  VENN  A  f    over  a  door  or  window. 
ANTHEMION.    The  spiral  of  the  Ionic  volute. 


(See  Altar  Cloth.) 


ANTI  (Gr.)    Against,  attached  to,  opposite. 

ANTIC  (Fr.)   (Same  as  Antique.) 

ANTICK.    Grotesque  or  fantastic  creations  of 

birds,  beasts,  flowers,  etc.,  in  decorative  art. 
ANTICUM  (Lat. )    The  space  between  the  walls 

of  a  Greek  temple  and  the  columns  of  the 

portico. 
ANTIMINSION  (Gr.) 
ANTIMENSIUM  | 
ANTIPODIUM.    The  seat  portion  to  a  reading 

desk  used  in  the  chancel  of  a  church. 
ANTIQUARIUM.    A  room  in  a  Roman  house, 

devoted  to  the  display  of  antiquities. 
ANTIQUE.    Referring  to  the  ancient  styles  of 

art  and  architecture. 
ANTIQUITIES.  The  classic  remains  of  ancient 

architecture. 
ANTIS.    (See  Ante.) 

ANTITHALAMUS.  (Same  as  Antechamber, 
or  Room.) 

ANTRELLUM.    A  small  temple  or  grotto. 

ANTRUM.    An  ancient  Greek  temple. 

ANTRUM  TUMBALE.    (Same  as  Antrellum.) 

APARTMENT.  One  of  the  subdivisions  or 
portions  of  a  building. 

APERTURE.  In  architecture,  an  opening  in  a 
wall,  as  a  door  or  window. 

APEX  (Lat.)    (Same  as  Amortissement.) 

APIARY.  A  building  used  for  the  mainten- 
ance of  bees. 

APODYTERIUM  (Lat.)  An  anteroom  to  a 
Roman  bath. 

APONSA.    A  lean-to,  or  shed  roof. 

APOPHYGE.  The  curvature  at  the  top  and 
bottom  of  a  classic  column,  where  it  ex- 
pands to  meet  the  mouldings  of  the  base 
and  capital. 

APOTHECA.    A  wine  room  in  a  Roman  house. 

APOTHECARERIUM  (Lat.)  A  room  or  dis- 
pensary attached  to  a  public  building. 

APOTHESIS  (Gr.)  A  set  of  shelves  on  the 
south  wall  of  a  chancel. 

APPODITIUM  PILARIUM  (Lat.)  A  flying 
buttress. 

APRON.  The  piece  of  woodwork  immediately 

below  the  stool  of  a  window. 
APSE  AILE.    An  aisle  surrounding  an  apse. 
APSE  /  A  semicircular  extenuation  of  the 
APSIS  \     choir  or  nave  to  a  cathedral;  same 

as  a  chancel;  a  bishop's  throne. 
APSIDAL.    In  the  form  of  an  apse. 
APSIS  GRADATA.    In  the  form  and  relating 

to  an  apse. 

APTERAL.     An  ancient  temple  having  col- 
umns on  its  sides  or  flanks  only. 
AQUAMALE  (Lat.)   A  holy  water  basin. 
AQUARIUM     )  (Lat.)   A  tank,  pond,  or  res- 
AQUARICUM  [    ervoir,  used  for  a  head  or 
AQUARICIUM  )     supply  of  water,  or  for  the 

propagation  of  marine  life. 
AQUEDUCT  )  (Lat.)   A  conduit  for  the  con- 
AQUJEDUCT  i"    veyance  of  water. 
AQUILA  (Lat.)   The  flat  surface  of  a  triangu- 
lar pediment;  a  reading  desk  in  the  form 
of  an  eagie. 


ARCHITRAVE 


ARA 


ASC 


ARABIAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
architecture  practiced  by  the  Arab  races 
between  A.  D.  680  and  1465. 

ARABESQUE    )  (Lat.)    (See  Alhambresque.) 

ARABESQUED  \  An  enriching  and  orna- 
mentation of  flat  surfaces,  panels,  pilas- 
ters, etc.,  with  scroll-work,  vines,  flowers, 
etc. 

ARABO  TEDESCO  )  A  style  of  architecture 
ARABO  TEDESCHO  \     practiced  in  certain 

parts  of  Italy  from  A.  D.  1189  to  1292.  A 

combination  of  Saracenic  and  Gothic. 
AR^EOSTYLE       1  (Gr.)    An  ancient  Greek 
AR^EOSYSTYLOS      temple  having  a  colon- 
AREOSYSTYLE     [    nade  where  the  columns 
AREOSTYLE  are  placed  four  diame- 

ARACOSTYLE      J     ters  apart. 
ARAD1GNITATIS.    An  altar  used  only  by  the 

highest  dignitaries  of  the  church. 
ARAEOPAGUS  )  (Lat.)    An  open  court.  A 
AREOPAGUS    [■    building   devoted  to  the 
AREOPAGY      )     practice  of  law  in  ancient 

Athens. 

ARBOR.  A  building  of  light  fanciful  construc- 
tion, generally  employed  in  landscape  work. 

ARC.  A  geometrical  term  used  to  designate 
a  portion,  or  section,  of  a  circular  line  less 
than  a  semicircle. 

ARC  A      )  (Lat.)   The  gutters  of  a  roof.  The 

ARCULA  \  constructive  frame-work  of  a 
roof;  an  altar;  a  chest. 

ARCADE.  A  series  of  arches,  supported  on 
columns  or  pilasters. 

ARCATURE.  An  arcaded  panel-work,  used  in 
face  of  walls,  in  Gothic  architecture. 

ARC  BOUTANTS.    (Same  as  Arch  Buttress.) 

ARC  DOUBLEUX  (Fr.)  An  arch  moulding, 
projecting  from  the  face  of  the  ceiling  of  a 
vaulted  roof. 

ARCEBOCEN.  A  flying  buttress.  (See  Appo- 
ditium  Pilarium.) 

ARCH.  A  mechanical  arrangement  or  con- 
struction of  stone,  brick,  or  other  inelastic 
Substances,  radiating  to  one- or  more  centres 
and  resting  upon  its  extremities. 

ARCH  BAND.    (Same  as  Arc  Doubleux.) 

ARCH  BRICK.  Brick  moulded  or  cut  to  fit  the 
radiating  lines  of  an  arch. 

ARCH  BUTTRESS  }  A  buttress  employed  gen- 

ARCH  BUTTANT  \  erally  in  Gothic  archi- 
tecture to  receive  and  resist  the  strain  or 
lateral  thrust  of  another  arch  or  roof.  (See 
Arcebocen  and  Appoditium  Pilarium.) 

ARCHED.  Partaking  of  the  form  and  nature 
of  an  arch,  or  arc. 

ARCHERIA.  Long,  narrow  openings  in  the 
walls  of  fortifications,  through  which  the 
archers  shot  arrows  and  cross-bolts  in 
ancient  warfare. 

ARCHIA.    The  arch  of  a  bridge. 

ARCHISTERIUM.  A  small  room,  or  cell,  in  a 
monastery. 

ARCHITECT.    A  professor  of  building,  scien- 
tific and  mechanical.  . 
ARCHITECTIVE  1 

ARCHITECTONIC    I  Relating  to  the  practice 
ARCHITECTONICS  f    of  architecture. 
ARCHITECTURAL  J 


ARCHITRAVE  (Gr.)    A  beam.   The  lowest  or 

first  member  of  the  entablature  of  a  cornice. 

See  Antepagmentum. 
ARCHIVE      )  (Lat.)    A  building,  or  apart- 
ARCHIVIUM  I    ment,  set  apart  for  the  recep- 
ARCHIVUM  )     tion  and  safe    keeping  of 

records  and  documents. 
ARCHIVOLT       )(Lat.)    The  collection  of 
ARCHIVOLTUM  \        mouldings  projecting 

from  and  running  round  the  face  of  an 

arch. 

ARCH  OF  EQUILIBRIUM.    An  arch  of  the 

form  of  an  equilateral  triangle. 
ARCH  OF  EQUIPOLLENCE.    An  arch  upon 

all  the  parts  of  which  rests  an  equal  weight. 
ARCH  MOULDINGS.    (See  Archivolt.) 
ARCH  STONE.    (See  Arch,  Arch  Brick.) 
ARCHWAY.    (See  Arch.) 

ARCHY.  Partaking  of  the  principles  of  an 
arch. 

ARCOSOLIUM  (Lat.)  An  arched  vault,  or 
recess. 

ARCUATION.  Relating  to  the  use  of  the  arch. 

ARCUS  (Lat.)   (Same  as  Arch.) 

ARCUS  PRESBTERII.  The  arch  between  the 
nave  and  apse,  or  chancel,  called  the  chan- 
cel arch. 

ARCUS  TORALIS  )  A  lattice,  screen  or  cur- 
ARCUS  ECCLESLE  ]     tain,  separating  the 

choir,  apse,  or  chancel,  from  the  nave,  vor 

body  of  a  church. 
AREA  (Lat.)   A  space,  a  court-yard,  a  sunken 

court. 

ARENA.  (See  Amphitheatre.)  The  central 
space,  surrounded  by  the  walls  of  an  amphi- 
theatre. 

ARENARIUM.    Relating  to  the  arena. 
ARENATUM  (Lat.)   Lime  and  sand  mortar 

used  by  the  ancients. 
AREOSTYLE.    (See  Araeostyle.) 
ARMATURE  (Fr.)    (Same  as  Anchor.) 
ARMENIAN  ARCHITECTURE.   That  style  of 

architecture  practiced  in  Armenia. 
ARMIL       )  (Lat.)  A  Roman  band  or  bracelet 
ARMILLA  )     worn  on  the  arm. 
ARMOURY  /  A  building  devoted  to  the  storage 
ARMORY    )     and  practice  of  arms. 
ARONADE.    An  embattled  wall. 
ARRAS  I  The  line  or  edge  formed  by  the  meet- 
ARRIS  |    ing  of  two  plain  surfaces.  (See 

Angle.) 

ARRIERE-VOUSSURE  (Fr.)  A  vault  or  soffit 
of  an  arch  of  an  opening  in  a  wall. 

ARRIS  FiLLET.  A  triangular  piece  of  wood, 
placed  next  to  a  wall  or  chimney,  to  throw 
off  the  water. 

ARRIS  GUTTER.  A  gutter  hanging  and  fixed 
to  the  edge  of  a  roof  or  cornice. 

ARRISWISE.  Diagonally. 

ARSENAL.  A  building  devoted  to  the  manu- 
facture and  storage  of  the  implements  and 
munitions  of  war. 

ARULA.    An  altar. 

ASAROTUM  OPUS  (Lat.)  The  floor  of  a  din- 
ing  hall. 

ASCELLA.    The  wing  of  a  building. 


ASC 


HAD 


ASCENDANTS.  The  perpendicular  frame  of 
a  door  or  window. 

ASCENSORIUM  (Lat.)    A  staircase. 

ASCETERIUM       |  (Lat.)    An  apartment  de- 

ARCHISTERIUM  j  voted  to  gymnastic  exer- 
cises. 

ASHLAR.  Cut  or  hewn  stone  used  in  the  face 
of  a  wall,  generally  with  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal square  joints. 

tsPATICUMM  \  (Same  aS  Audit  House-) 
ASPHALTUM.    A  bituminous  substance  used 

in  the  construction  of  ancient  buildings 

instead  of  mortar. 
ASSER     (The   common   rafters  of  a  roof 
ASSERIS  f  framing. 

ASSYRIAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
architecture  practiced  in  Assyria  prior  to 
the  eighth  century  B.  C. 

ASTORITE.  A  star-shaped  enrichment  used 
in  concave  mouldings  and  coves  in  Gothic 
architecture. 

ASTRAGAL      )  A  small,  half-round  project- 

ASTRAGALUS  \     ing  moulding. 

ASTRAGALUM  LESBIUM  (Lat.)  A  mould- 
ing partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  astragal. 

ASTYLAR.  A  conglomerate  collection  of  sev- 
eral styles  of  architecture  contained  in  one. 

ASUL^E  (Lat.)   Marble  chips. 

ASYLUM.  A  building  set  apart  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  indigent,  deranged,  and 
infirm. 

ASYMPOTE.  A  straight  line  approaching  to 
a  curve. 

ATHEN^UM  )  (Gr.)  A  building  set  apart  for 
ATHENEUM  \    the  cultivation  of  the  arts 

and  sciences. 
ATHENIAN  ARCHITECTURE.   That  style  of 
architecture  which  had  its  rise  and  culmi- 
nation at  the  ancient  city  of  Athens. 
ATLANTES      1  Statues  of  male  and  female 
ATLANTAS       |     figures  used  in  Greek  art 
ATLANTIDES    f    for  the  support  of  an  entab- 
ATLASES         J     lature  and  cornice. 
ATRIENSIUM  (Lat.)    A  closet  or  small  room. 
ATRIUM      )  (Lat.)   A  central  court  in  a  Ro- 
ATRIOLUM  f    man  house  around  which  the 

apartments  were  arranged. 
ATTACHED  COLUMN.    A  column  attached 

to  the  face  of  a  wall. 
ATTIC  (Gr.)    A  sub-story  rising  above  a  cor- 
nice or  contained  in  the  roof. 
ATTIC  BASE.    The  base  of  a  column. 
ATTIC  COLUMN.    A  column  whose  shaft  is 
square. 

ATTIC  ORDER.  The  order  of  architecture 
used  in  the  construction  of  an  attic. 

ATTIC  STORY.    (Same  as  Attic. ) 

ATTICURGIC  (Relating  to  Athenian  archi- 

ATTICURCUS  (  tecture. 

AUDIT  HOUSE.  A  room  attached  to  a  ca- 
thedral used  for  clerical  work. 

AUDITORIUM  j  (Lat. )  A  hall  or  place  used  for 

AUDITORY      |     the  congregation  of  people. 

A  ULE  \  (^r*)   ^n  area  or  coul't  >  a  baU. 


AULAEA  I  A  curtain  or  screen  hung  between 
AULJEUM ]  columns. 
AULEOLUM.    A  small  chapel. 
AUMBRYE.    A  niche  or  recess. 
AURIPETRUM.  Mosaic. 

AVENTURINE.    Glass  of  a  golden  and  brown 
tint. 

AVIARY  )  A  building  or  apartment  for  the 
AVIARIUM  \     maintenance  and  propagation 

of  the  feathered  race. 
AVOLTA.    A  vault  or  arched  roof. 
AWNING.    A  canopy,  roof  or  covering. 


BABYLONIAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That 
style  of  architecture  practiced  in  the  build- 
ing of  Babylon  about  2200  B.  C. ,  and  subse- 
quently by  Nebuchadnezzar  about  600  B.  C. , 
when  the  city  was  rebuilt. 
BACE.     A  pedestal  supporting  an  image  or 

statue  in  a  niche. 
BACK  ARCH.    The  inside  or  relieving  arch 
generally  built  over  a  door  or  opening,  cal- 
culated to  relieve  the  lintel. 
BACK  FLAP.    The  centre  portion  of  a  set  of 

inside  blinds. 
BACKGROUND.    The  bed  or  plane  surface  in 

alto-relievo  work. 
BACKING  A  WALL.    The  inside  portion  of  a 

brick  or  stone  wall. 
BACK  LINING.    That  part  of  a  window  frame 
forming  the  back  of  the   box  used  for 
blinds. 

BACK  OF  A  CHIMNEY.  The  face  toward 
the  apartment  or  room. 

BACK  OF  A  HAND  RAIL.    The  upper  side. 

BACK  OF  A  HIP  RAFTER.    The  upper  edge. 

BACK  OF  A  SHUTTER.  (Same  as  Back  Flap.) 

BACK  STRINGER.  Same  as  Wall  Plate  or ; 
the  one  screwed  to  the  wall. 

BADACHINOS.    (See  Baldachin.) 

BADIGEON.  Rough-cast  or  grouting,  com- 
posed of  lime,  sand  and  gravel  or  ground 
stone,  generally  used  to  fill  the  surfaces  of 
walls  to  give  a  finish. 

BAGNETTE  (Fr.)    (See  Bague.) 

BAGNIO.    A  bath  tub. 

BAGUE  )  (Fr.)  Small  mouldings,  as  astra- 
BAGUETTE  \    gals  or  beads,  encircling  the 

shaft  of  a  column  between  the  base  and 

capital. 

^T^'rTixr  }  An  open  court  surrounded  bv  the 

BAiSa    j     walls  of  a  fortress. 

BALACHINO.    (See  Baldachin.) 

BAKERY.  A  building  used  for  the  manufact- 
ure of  breadstuff s. 

BALCON      )  A  projecting  platform  or  gallery 

BALCONET  [    erected  against  the  wall  of  a 

BALCONY  )  building;  generally  inclosed 
by  a  railing. 

BALDCHINO  ]  ^  canopy  or  roof  supported 
r>  a  t  a  nmwA    \    on  columns  erected  over  an 


BALACHINO 
BADACHINOS 


altar,  throne  or  tomb. 


BATTLEMENT. 


BAL 


BAT 


KALECTION  1  The  term  applied  to  a  mould  or 
BELECTION  [■    mouldings  where  their  con- 
BOLECTION  \     tour  projects  beyond  the  sur- 
face surrounding  a  panel ;  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  raised  mouldings  of  a  door. 
BALISTARIA    )  A  building  in  a  fortress  used 
BALISTRARIA  \    for  an  armory  ;  the  cruci- 
form apertures  in  the  walls  of  a  fortress 
for  the  discharge  of  arrows. 

BA  ULK  \  ^  P*ece  or  square  timber. 

BALL  COCK.  A  water  cock  used  to  supply 
water  to  a  tank  by  the  raising  or  lowering 
of  the  ball  floating  on  water. 

BALL  FLOWER.  An  ornament  used  in  Gothic 
work  of  the  character  of  a  ball,  hollowed 
out,  or  a  ball  inclosed  in  a  three-leaf  flower. 

BALLIUM.    (Same  as  Bailey.) 

BALLOON  FRAME.  The  name  given  to  a 
peculiar  method  of  erecting  frame  build- 
ings in  the  United  States. 

BALNEUM.    A  bath. 

BALTENS.  Wide  steps  or  platforms  in  a  the- 
atre. 

BALTHEI.    (Same  as  Bolsters.) 
BALUSAL. 

BALUSTER.  A  small  column  or  perpendicu- 
lar standard  supporting  a  hand  rail. 

BALUSTRADE.  A  range  or  collection  of  bal- 
usters supporting  a  cap  or  rail. 

BAND.  A  collection  of  mouldings,  or  a  flat 
projecting  fascia,  attached  horizontally  to 
a  wall. 

BANDED  COLUMN  }  A   column  or  pilaster 
BANDED  SHAFT     f  around  whose  shaft  are 
arranged  a  series  of  bands,  fillets  or  beads. 
BANDELET  )  ,a  „     ,  . 

BANDLET    [  (Same  as  Band.) 

BANISTER    )  .      u   i  *  *       f    u  i  A 
BANNISTER  \       obsolete  term  for  baluster. 

BANQUET  HALL.    An  apartment  set  apart 

for  banquets. 
BAPTISMAL  FONT.    (See  Font.) 
BAPTISTERIUM  )  A  ,   ...  , 
BAPTISTERY      \     bathing  house  or  place. 

BAR.  An  inclosed  space  in  a  court  room  or 
public  house. 

BAR  OF  A  SASH.  The  upright  divisions  be- 
tween glass  of  a  window. 

BARBACAN  )  A  watch  tower  attached  to  a 

BARBICAN  |  fortress ;  an  aperture  in  a 
wall  for  drainage. 

BARGE  BOARD.  A  board  used  as  a  finish  to 
a  gable,  covering  the  ends  of  the  rafters 
and  frequently  cut  into  ornamental  forms. 
(See  Verge  Board.) 

BARGE  COUPLES.  An  obsolete  term  for  two 
timbers  mortised  and  tenoned  together. 

BARGE  COURSE.  The  first  course  of  slate 
tiles  or  shingles  that  project  over  the  gable 
of  a  roof. 

BARMKYN  )  /a    „    ,  .  , 

BERMKYN  \  (See  Barbican.) 

BARN.  A  building  erected  for  the  storage  of 
farm  produce,  grain,  etc.,  and  often  used 
to  house  animals. 

BARRA.    A  tower  at  one  end  of  a  bridge. 


BARRACAN.    (See  Barbacan.) 

BARRACK.  A  building  erected  for  the  accom- 
modation and  lodgment  of  soldiers. 

BARREL  DRAIN.  A  brick  conduit  built  in  a 
cylindrical  form. 

BARREL  VAULT  /  A  long  semi-circular  vault 

BARROWS  S    or  roof,  relating  particu- 

larly to  a  vault  built  of  masonry. 

B ARTISAN    )  A  small  over-hanging  turret, 

BARTIZAN    \    corbelled  out  from  the  ex- 

BARTIZENE  )  terior  angle  of  a  tower  or 
wall,  generally  pierced  with  loop-holes  or 
balistrarias. 

BARTON.    A  manor  or  farm  house. 

BARYO^.    An  Araeostyle  temple. 

BARYCEPHAL-^.    (Same  as  Barycee. ) 

BASE.  In  architecture,  the  bottom  or  lowest 
part. 

BASE  COURT.    A  second  or  rear  court  yard. 

BASELESS.    Without  a  base  or  foundation. 

BASE-LINE.    In  architecture,  the  starting  line. 

BASEMENT.    The  first  story  of  a  building. 

BASE  MOULDINGS.  The  mouldings  of  any- 
base  portion  of  any  architectural  design. 

BASE  OF  A  COLUMN.    The  lower  portion. 

BASE  OF  A  WALL.  The  foundation  or  foot- 
ing. 

BASILICA.    A  court  of  justice;  a  public  hall. 
BASILICULA.    A  shrine,  oratory,   or  cano- 
taph. 

BASON  |  In  arcmtec*ure>  :l  reservoir. 
BASIS.    (Same  as  Base.) 

BASKET.    The  term  sometimes  given  to  the 

bell  of  a  Corinthian  capital. 
BAS-RELIEF  )  Carvings  whose  projec- 
BASSO-RILIEVO  \  tion  from  the  surround- 
ing surface  is  only  distinct  enough  to  form 
the  outline,  used  in  contradistinction  to 
alto-relievo. 

BASSE  COUR.  An  open  court  used  for 
stables. 

BASTION  |  That  portion  of  the  wall  of  a  fort- 
BASTON  f    ress  that  projects  in  an  angular 

form,  used  to  command  the  flanks  of  the 

wall.    (Same  as  Torus.) 
BAT.    Part  of  a  brick. 

BATEMENT  LIGHT.  In  Gothic  architecture, 
the  upper  perpendicular  lights  of  glass  in 
a  perpendicular  window. 

BATH.  In  architecture,  a  building  used  for 
bathing  purposes. 

BATOON.    (See  Bastion.) 

BATTEFOLIUM.    (Same  as  Barbacan.) 

BATTEN.  A  moulding  or  strip  of  board,  stand- 
ing vertically,  used  generally  to  cover  a 
joint  or  joining  of  two  pieces  of  boarding. 

BATTER.  A  term  used  to  designate  the  slant 
of  a  wall,  where  it  is  built  narrow  at  the 
top  and  wide  at  the  bottom. 

BATTERY.    A  term  used  for  a  fortification. 

BATTLE  EMBATTLED.     A  wall  having  a 

double  row  of  battlements. 
BATTLEMENT.    Endentations  or  embrasures 

in  the  top  of  a  wall  or  parapet,  used  in 

castellated  architecture. 


BLI 


BAULK.    (See  Balk.) 

BAWK.  A  cross  or  tie  beam  of  a  roof  fram- 
ing. 

BAY.  In  architecture,  the  recessed  portion  of 
a  facade  of  a  building;  that  space  contained 
between  the  ribs  of  a  vault. 

BAY  OF  JOIST.  A  section  or  portion  of  a 
floor  of  joist  between  timbers  or  bearings. 

BAY  WINDOW.  A  projecting  wall  of  an 
angular  or  circular  shape,  forming  a  recess 
in  an  apartment,  generally  pierced  with 
windows. 

BAZAAR.  A  building  used  for  the  public 
display  of  merchantable  goods  and  wares, 
relating  particularly  to  Oriental  buildings. 

BEAD.  A  small  moulding,  wdiose  section  is 
circular.    (See  Astragal.) 

BEAD  AND  BUTT.  A  panel  moulded  with  a 
bead.  The  term  is  used  to  designate  the 
butting  joint,  which  see. 

BEAD  AND  FLUSH.  (Same  as  Bead  and  Butt.) 

BEAD  AND  QUIRK.  Same  as  Bead  and 
Butt,  excepting  that  between  the  joint  of 
the  bead  and  surface  is  a  sunk  square 
recess. 

BEAK.  The  pendant  square  or  continuation 
of  the  corona  in  classic  architecture,  serv- 
ing as  a  drip. 

BEAKHEAD  MOULDING.  In  Norman  archi- 
tecture, a  moulding  cut  into  heads  or  beaks 
of  birds. 

BEAM.    A  timber  of  large  dimension. 

BEAM  FILLING.  A  term  used  to  designate 
mason  work  built  in  between  the  ends  of 
joists  or  beams,  when  the  ends  rest  on  a 
wall. 

BEARER.  A  strut,  post  or  column,  sustaining 
a  weight. 

BEARING  OF  A  TIMBER.    That  portion  of 

a  timber  resting  on  a  wall. 
BEARING  PARTITION  )  A  partition  or  wall 
BEARING  WALL  f    bearing  the  weight 

of  other  portions  of  a  building. 
BED.    In  architecture,  the  bottom  side  of  a 

stone.    The  seat  or  bed  of  any  designated 

part. 

BED  MOULDING.  Strictly  a  moulding  placed 
immediately  under  the  corona  of  a  classic 
cornice. 

BED  OF  A  STONE.    (See  Bed.) 
BEE  HOUSE.    A  building  for  the  cultivation 
of  bees. 

BELECTION  MOULDINGS.    (See  Balection.) 

BELFRY.  A  small  bell  tower  or  turret;  also 
the  room  or  apartment  containing  a  bell. 

BELL  (Lat.)  In  architecture,  that  portion  of 
a  classic  column  forming  the  body  of  the 
capital,  upon  which  the  leaves  and  volutes 
are  carved  or  placed. 

BELL  ARCH.  An  arch  partaking  of  the  out- 
line of  a  bell. 

BELL  COT.  A  bell  turret  generally  placed  at 
the  apex  of  a  gable  or  roof. 

BELL  GABLE.  A  term  applied  to  a  gable 
having  a  niche  for  the  reception  of  a  bell. 

BELL  ROOF.  A  canopy  or  covering  over  a 
bell;  a  roof  shaped  like  a  bell. 


BELL  TOWER.  A  tower  built  for  the  recep- 
tion of  bells. 

BELL  TURRET.    (See  Belfry.) 

BELT.    (Same  as  Band.) 

BELT,  COURSE.    (See  Band.) 

BELVEDERE  (It.)  A  high  turret;  a  lookout: 
an  observatory. 

BEMA  (Gr.)  The  raised  portion  or  floor  of  a 
chancel  or  apse;  a  reading  desk. 

BENATURA  (Lat.)  )  A  receptacle  for  holv  wa- 

BENETIER  (Fr.)  f  ter,  placed  generally  in 
the  vestibule  of  a  Romish  church. 

BENCH  TABLE.  A  low  stone  seat  around 
the  interior  of  walls  of  many  churches, 
formed  by  the  excess  in  thickness  of  foun- 
dation walls. 

BETHLEHEM.  A  small  building  attached  to 
a  cathedral  for  the  pi-eparation  of  the  sac- 
ramental celebration. 

BETON.    (Same  as  Concrete.) 

BEVEL.  A  surface  formed  on  an  angle  from 
the  face. 

BEVELMENT.    Relating  to  the  bevel. 
BIANGULAR.    Having  two  angles  or  corners. 
BIBLIOTHECA  (Gr.)    A  public  library,  or  a 

building  used  for  the  reception  of  books. 
BICELLUM  (Gr.)    A  dwelling  having  storage 

vaults  in  the  basement  or  cellars. 
BICHOCA.    (Same  as  Belvedere.) 
BIGLF.    An  arch;  a  chamber. 
BIGG.    To  build. 
BIGGER.    A  builder. 

BILGET.  Wood,  brick  or  blocks  built  into  a 
wall. 

BILLET.    A  block  of  wood. 

BILLET  MOULDING  )  A  moulding  peculiar 

BILLET  CABLE  i  to  Anglo-Norman 
architecture,  consisting  of  short  sections 
of  a  bead  placed  in  a  cove  or  hollow 
moulding,  half  their  length  apart,  in  a 
semi-circular  arch. 

BINDERS.  A  term  used  for  brick  or  stone 
placed  with  their  greatest  length  trans- 
verse the  wall. 

BINDING  JOIST.    (Same  as  Trimmer  Joist.) 

BIRD'S  BEAK  MOULDING  )  (Same  as  Beak- 

BIRD'S  HEAD  MOULDING  J  head  Mould- 
ing.) 

BIRHOM  (Lat.)    Having  a  surface  composed 

of  twelve  rhombic  faces. 
BISECTION.     The  act  of  cutting   into  two 

parts. 

BISELLIUM.  A  scat  designed  I'm-  two  persons. 
BISTURRIS  I 
BISTURRES  \ 
BITUMAN.  Same  nature  as  asphaltum.  which 
see. 

BLADES.    Principal  rafters  of  a  roof  framing. 

BLANK  DOOR,  OR  WINDOW.  A  false  rep- 
resentation of  a  door  or  window. 

BLEOSTANING.    Mosaic  paving. 

BLIND.  A  light  frame  or  screen  to  a  door  or 
window. 

BLIND  ARCADE.  A  small  arcade  constructed 
on  the  face  of  a  wall  in  Gothic  work,  as  a 
panel  work. 


(Same  as  Barbaean.) 


BLI 


BRI 


BLIND  AREA.    A  covered  area. 

BLOCK.    A  collection  of  buildings;  a  square. 

BLOCK  COURSE.    A  course  of  stone  placed 

on  top  of  a  wall  as  a  coping. 
BLOCK  PLAN.    An  architect's  plan,  showing 

the  outline  only. 
BOARD.    An  American  terrn  for  a  piece  of 

timber  1  inch  thick,  4  to  24  inches  wide, 

any  length.   (See  Deals.) 
BOARDING  JOIST.    The  act  of  covering  joist 

with  boards. 
BOASTING.    The  rough  cutting  of  a  stone  to 

form  the  outline  of  a  design  preparatory 

to  the  more  finished  carving. 
BOCATORIUM  (Lat.)    A  slaughterhouse. 
BODIUM  (Lat.)     A  crypt  or  subterraneous 

chapel. 

BODY  BUTTRESS       >  A  buttress  attached  to 
BODY  BOTERRASSE  \    a  body  wall  of  a 
building. 

BOEIRA  (Lat.)    (Same  as  Manor  House.) 

BOLSTERS.  Pieces  of  timber  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  centres  for  arches.  The  con- 
nection between  the  volutes  on  the  side  of 
an  Ionic  capital. 

BOLT.    A  round  cylindrical  pin  of  metal. 

BOLTEL.    A  vault. 

BOMON.    An  altar. 

BOND  ENGLISH.  A  term  used  to  denote  a 
piece  of  brick  work  in  which  one  course  is 
laid  lengthwise  and  the  next  course  cross- 
wise of  the  wall,  thus  alternately. 

BOND  FLEMISH.  Brick  work  in  which  a 
brick  is  laid  lengthwise  and  the  next  brick 
crosswise  of  the  wall,  and  so  on,  alternately. 

BOND  STONE.    (See  Binder.) 

BOND  TIMBERS.  Timbers  built  into  walls  of 
masonry  for  the  purpose  of  affixing  the 
finished  work  thereto. 

BONING.    A  plain  surface  out  of  wind  or  twist. 

BOOTH.  A  temporary  stall  or  canopy,  used 
at  fairs  and  public  gatherings. 

BORD.  Anciently  a  name  given  to  a  wine 
cellar. 

BORDER.  A  plain  surface  enclosing  a  central 
space  or  area. 

BOSS.  A  projecting  ornament  placed  at  the 
intersection  of  the  ribs  of  a  vault  or  ceil- 
ing, generally  carved  or  moulded  into 
leaves  and  flowers. 

BOSSAGE.  A  stone  laid  projecting  from  the 
face  of  a  wall  so  as  to  be  carved  afterward. 

BOTERASS.    (Same  as  Buttress.) 

BOTERICE.    (Same  as  Buttress.) 

BOTTOM  RAIL.  The  horizontal  band  or  rail 
at  the  bottom  of  a  door  panel. 

BOUDOIR.  An  apartment  set  apart  exclu- 
sively for  the  use  of  females. 

BOULDER.  An  American  term  for  a  large, 
round,  natural  pebble. 

BOULTINE  )  A  moulding  whose  section  is  a 

BOULTIN    (     quarter  of  a  circ  le. 

BOURSE  (Fr.)  A  public  edifice  in  Fiance 
devoted  to  financial  exchange. 

BOUTANT.    (See  Arc  Boutants.) 


BOUTEL  /  In  perpendicular  Gothic  work,  a 
BO  WTELS  S     round  moulding  or  slender  shaft 

running  up  the  face  of  a  pier. 
BOW.    A  semi-circular  arch. 
BOW  WINDOW.    An  incorrect  term  for  Bay 

Window. 

BOWER.    Anciently  a  small,  richly-furnished 

chamber  used  by  females  only. 
BOX  FRAME.    A  window  frame  constructed 

with  boxes  at  each  side  for  the  reception 

of  sash-weights. 
BOX  GIRDER.    A  girder  or  lintel,  generally 

of  iron,  made  in  a  box  form  and  filled  in 

with  brick,  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 
BOX  HEAD.    The  upper  part  of  a  window 

frame,  made  in  a  box  form,  to  receive  the 

sash  when  raised  up. 
BRACE.    A  straight  or  curved  piece  of  timber 

used  to  resist  a  force  or  thrust. 
BRACKET.    A  brace  or  support  fixed  against 

a  vertical  surface,  supporting  a  weight. 
BRACKETING.    The  act  of  fixing  brackets  in 

position. 

BRACKET  STAIRS.  Stairs  constructed  on 
brackets. 

BRANCHES.    The  diagonal  branches  or  ribs 

covering  a  vault  or  ceiling. 
BRANDISH       /  An  ornamental  cresting  or 
BRATTISHING  <j     enriched  battlement. 
BREAK.    That  portion  of  a  facade  which 

changes  its  style  or  ground  plan. 
BREAK  JOINTS.    In  masonry,  vertical  joints 

in  one  course  placed  between  the  joints  in 

the  courses  below  and  above. 
BREAST  OF  A  CHIMNEY.    The  face  towards 

the  room. 

BREAST  OF  A  WINDOW.  That  portion  of  a 
wall  directly  below  a  window,  or  between 
the  floor  and  sill. 

BRECCIA.    A  kind  of  marble. 

BREPHOTROPHIUM  (Lat.)  A  foundling's 
hospital. 

BKESSUMMER        )A  timber  or  lintel,  sup- 
BRESS  SUMMER     -    porting  a  superincum- 
BREASTSUMMER  )    bent  weight,  or  portion 
of  an  exterior  wall. 

BHETESS11^  [  A  wooden  tower  or  look-out. 
BRETISE.    (See  Bartisan.) 

BRICK.  A  material  formed  of  an  argillaceous 
earth,  baked  to  a  hard  state,  and  used  in 
place  of  stone  for  building  purposes. 

BRICK  GROIN.    (See  Barrel  Vault.) 

BRICK  AND  STUD  )  Brick  work  laid  between 

BRICK  NOGGING  (  wooden  studs  or  scant- 
ling, forming  a  wall. 

BRICK-TRIMMER  ARCH.  An  arch  built  in 
front  of  a  fire-place  to  support  a  hearth- 
stone. 

BRIDGEBOARD.  The  notched  piece  or 
stringer  on  which  rest  the  steps  of  a  stair- 
way. 

BRIDGE  GUTTER.    An  overhanging  gutter 

supported  on  brackets. 
BRIDGING.    An  American  term  for  fixing 

diagonal  pieces  of  wood  between  joists  or 

studs,  for  the  purpose  of  equalizing  the 

weight  placed  on  the  floor. 


BRO 


CAN 


BROACH  ) 

BROCHE      [  An  English  term  for  a  spire. 
BROACHED ) 

BROCATELLE.    A  quality  of  marble. 

BROKEN  ASHLAR.  A  term  used  to  desig- 
nate stone  work  whose  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal joints  are  uneven  and  suited  to  the 
size  of  the  stone. 

BROKEN  JOINT.    (Same  as  Break  Joints.) 

BUAtIA  I'  A  vaultecl  room  or  clTPt- 
BUCRANIA.     Sculptured  ox  skulls  in  the 

friezes  of  the  Ionic  or  Corinthian  orders. 
BUILDER.  One  who  builds  professionally. 
BUILT  BEAMS.    A  beam  made  of  joist  and 

bolted  together. 
BULBOUS.    A  round  dome  or  spire  taking  the 

shape  of  a  flower  bulb. 
BULENTERIA  (Gr.)    A  council  chamber  or 

public  hall. 
BULKER.    A  timber  beam  or  rafter. 
BULL'S  EYE  (Fr.)    A  small  circular  aperture 

for  the  admission  of  light. 
BULL'S  NOSE.    A  right  angle  corner  rounded 

off. 

BUNDLE  PILLAR.  A  group  of  slender  shafts 
banded  together  as  in  Gothic  work. 

BURGESS.  A  number  of  houses  protected  by 
a  fortress. 

BURGH.    (See  Dun.) 

BURSE.    (Same  as  Bourse.) 

BURTON.    A  manor  house 

BUSH-HAMMERED,  The  worked  face  of  a 
stone  formed  by  a  tool  called  a  bush-ham- 
mer. 

BUSTUM.    An  ancient  tomb. 

BUTT.    (See  Butting  Joint— a  hinge.) 

BUTMENT.    (See  Abutment.) 

BUTMENT  CHEEK.  The  solid  part  or  shoulder 

of  a  mortise. 
BUTTING  JOINT.    In  hand  railing,  the  joints 

between  the  pieces  of  rail  secured  by  holts. 

In  joinery,  the  joint  between  the  rails  and 

moulding  of  a  panel. 
BUTTRESS.    A  projection  from  a  wall  in 

Gothic  work,  used  to  support  the  thrust  of 

a  roof  or  wall. 
BY-WASH.    The  outlet  to  a  reservoir. 
BYZANTINE  ARCHITECTURE.    That  style 

of  architecture  practiced  by  Constantine 

and  his  followers,  and  which  originated  in 

the  building  of  his  capitol,  A.  D.  328.  Its 

general  characteristics  are  simflar  to  the 

Romanesque. 


CABERS.    Lath  or  strips  used  in  thatching 
roofs  ;  a  joist ;  a  rafter. 
CABIN.    A  small  cottage  or  house. 
CABINET.    A  small  room  ;  a  closet. 
CABLE.    A  moulding  having  a  convex  circu- 
lar section,  generally  employed  in  the 
flutes  of  columns  ;  a  carved  representation 
of  a  rope  or  cable. 
CABLE  FLUTES.    The   flutes  of  a  cabled 
column. 


CABLE  MOULDING.    A  bead  carved  so  as  to 

represent  a  rope  or  cable. 
CABLED  COLUMN.    A  column  with  cables 

placed  in  the  flutes. 
CABLING.    The  filling  of  flutes  with  cables. 

(See  Cable.) 

CAER.  The  word  denotes  castle,  and  is  pre- 
fixed to  the  names  of  places  fortified  by 
the  Romans. 

CAGE.  An  outer  work  of  timber  enclosing 
another  within  it. 

CAISSON.  A  wooden  box,  in  which  the  piers 
of  a  bridge  are  built,  sinking  through  the 
water  by  the  weight  of  the  work  and  reach- 
ing the  bottom  to  form  the  foundation. 
This  system  is  usually  adopted  wThen  a 
coffer  dam  is  impracticable. 

CAISSON  COFFER.  Sunk  panels  of  a  ceiling 
or  the  soffit  of  arches,  or  vaulted  ceilings. 
(See  Coffer.) 

CALCAREOUS  EARTH.  A  sort  of  earth  con- 
taining lime  or  calx. 

CALCATORIUM.  A  term  applied  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  a  raised  platform  of  masonry,  in 
the  cellar  attached  to  a  vineyard. 

CALDARIUM.  A  close  vaulted  room  in  the 
ancient  baths. 

CALEDUCT  )  tt  ,    .  . 

CALI  DUCTS  f  Hot  air  Wes- 

CALIBER  |  The  greatest  diameter  of  a  round 

CALIBRE  J  body. 

C  ALOKE  )  A  concavity  in  the  form  of  a  niche. 

CALOTE    -    serving  to  decrease  the  height  of 

CALOTTE  )     a  chapel  or  alcove. 

CALVES  TONGUE.  A  sort  of  moulding  of  a 
concave  section,  used  at  the  base  and  capi- 
tal, where  they  merge  into  the  column. 

CAMARILA.  The  audience  chamber  or  pri- 
vate room  of  a  king. 

CAMARORIS.  An  elevation  terminating  in  an 
arched  head,  door  or  window. 

CAMBER.  The  convexity  of  a  beam  or  arch 
upon  the  upper  surface. 

CAMBERATED.    Arched.    (See  Camber.) 

CAMBER  BEAMS.    (See  Camber.) 

CAMERATED  )  Same  as  Camber.    To  build 

CAMERATE      -     in  the  form  of  a  vault  or 

CAMERATION  )     arch  ;  arched. 

CAMERELLE.    A  small  room  or  a  closet. 

CAMES.  Slender  bars  of  cast  lead,  used  in 
stained  glass  glazing. 

CAMP  CEILING.  A  term  applied  to  a  ceiling 
when  made  on  the  rafters  of  a  pitch  roof. 

CAMPANA  )  The  bell  or  body  of  a  Corinthian 
CAMPAND  f  capital. 

CAMPANILE.  A  tower  for  the  reception  of 
bells  used  in  churches,  also  in  domestic 
edifices. 

CANAL  OF  THE  IONIC  VOLUTE.  The 
channel  commencing  at  the  eye  and  fol- 
lowing in  the  revolutions  of  the  volute. 

CANAL  OF  THE  LARMIER.  A  recessed 
channel  in  the  soffit,  to  prevent  the  rain 
from  running  round,  and  sometimes  called 
a  weather  drip.    (See  Bed  Moulding.) 

CANNABIC  COMPOSITION.  A  substance 
used  for  interior  ornamentation  ;  much  as 
papier-mache. 


CANARDIERE. 


CARYATES. 
CARYATIDESl. 


■CAN 


CAS 


CANARDIERE.  A  small  turret,  usually  built 
at  the  corners  on  the  top  of  a  castle,  for 
sheltering  the  sentry  on  guard.  (See  Balis- 
taria.) 

CANCELLI.  Lattice  windows,  among  the  Ro- 
mans, now  gratings  and  trellis-work,  etc. 

CANOPY.  A  covering  or  hood  to  a  balcony, 
or  projecting  head  to  a  niche,  pulpit,  altar, 
etc. 

CANOTAPH.    (See  Cenotaph  and  Catafalco.) 

CANT.  An  external  angle  or  corner  of  a  build- 
ing.   A  bevel  chamfer  or  arris. 

CANT  MOULDING.  A  moulding  placed  nei- 
ther horizontally  nor  vertically,  having  a 
beveled  surface. 

CANTA LIVER.    (See  Cantiliver.) 

CANTED  COLUMN.  Columns,  the  horizontal 
sections  of  which  are  polygonal,  consisting 
of  straight  sides  instead  of  concave  sides  or 
flutes. 

CANTERN.    (See  Canthers.) 

CANTHARUS.    A  fountain  in  the  centre  of 

the  atrium,  anciently  used  for  washing 

before  entering  a  church. 
CANTHEIS.  (See  Canthers.) 
CANTHERS.    Common  rafters  of  a  roof. 

CANTILIVER    )  The  term  is  generally  ap- 

CANTALIVERS  j  plied  to  brackets  for  cor- 
nices, balconies,  etc. 

CANTING.    Relating  to  Cant. 

CANTON.  A  salient  corner  formed  of  a  pilas- 
ter or  quoins,  which  project  beyond  the 
face  of  a  wall. 

CANTONED  BUILDING.  A  building  whose 
angles  are  adorned  with  columns,  pilas- 
ters, rustic  quoins,  etc. 

CANTONED  COLUMNS.  Columns  are  so 
called  when  placed  at  the  corner  of  a  pier 
and  made  to  support  the  angular  or  mould- 
ed ribs  of  groin  work  and  intersecting 
arches. 

CAP.  A  term  used  in  building  to  signify  the 
covering  or  the  uppermost  members  of  an 
assemblage  of  mouldings.  The  assemblage 
of  mouldings  over  a  door  or  window. 

CAPITAL  )  In  architecture,  the  head  or  up- 
CAPITALE  -  permost  part  of  a  column  or 
CAPITEL  )  pilaster,  usually  moulded,  foli- 
ated or  voluted,  and  constitutes  the  most 
distinguishing  part  of  an  order  ;  it  is  indis- 
pensable aesthetically,  but  not  a  positive 
necessity,  yet  it  forms  an  agreeable  transi- 
tion from  the  shaft  to  the  architrave. 

CAPITAL  OF  A  LANTERN.  The  covering 
or  roof  which  terminates  a  lantern  of  a 
dome. 

CAPITAL  OF  A  TRIGLYPH.  The  square 
band  which  projects  over  the  face  in  the 
Grecian  and  Roman  Doric. 
CAPITOL  )  A  Roman  temple  or  citadel, 
CAP1TOILE  [  in  which  were  kept  the  3,000 
CAPITOLIUM  )     brass  tables  upon  which  the 

laws  were  engraved. 
CAPREOLI  I  In  ancient  carpentry,  the  struts 
CAPREOLS  f    or  braces  of  a  trussed  roof. 
CARACOL    ) .      „         .    ,   .  - 
<  'ARACOLE  i     w     or  sPiral  staircase. 


CARAVANSERA.  In  the  East,  a  large  public 
building,  or  inn,  for  the  reception  of  trav- 
elers and  caravans.  r 

CARCASE  )  The  framework  of  a  building  be- 

CARCASS  j     fore  it  is  completed. 

CARCER.    A  Roman  prison  or  jail. 

CARDINAL  SCAPI.  In  Roman  joinery,  the 
stiles  of  doors. 

CARIANS  )a       »  , .  , 

CAR1ATES  Atlantes  and  Caryatic 

CARIATIDES    \  order- 

CARINA.  Roman  buildings  built  in  the  form 
of  a  ship. 

CAROL.  A  closet  in  a  cloister  to  sit  and  read 
in  ;  a  bay  window  ;  a  seat  in  a  window. 

CAROLIT1C  COLUMN.  One  with  a  foliated 
shaft. 

CARPENTER.     One  who  cuts,  fashions  and 

joins  timbers  from  designs  for  the  purpose 

of  building. 
CARPENTRY.    The  art  of  employing  timbers 

for  the  erection  of  various  buildings. 
CARREL.     In  the  middle  ages,  a  closet  or 

small  room  :  a  private  apartment. 
CARRELLS  )  /Q  „ 
CARREOLS  \  (See  Oapreoh.) 

CARRIAGE  OF  A  STAIR.  The  framework 
whic  h  supports  the  hteps  and  risers,  some- 
times called  the  stringers. 

CARTELLI.  The  modillions  of  a  cornice,  used 
internally,  and  differs  from  those  used 
ex  ernally  by  being  more  scroll  like. 

CARTON-PIERRE.  A  species  of  papier- 
mache. 

CARTOUCH.    (See  Cartelli.) 

CARVING.  The  art  of  cutting  out  and  repre- 
senting figures,  scrolls  and  devices,  etc., 
from  designs. 

CARYATES.  Human  figures  used  in  place  of 
columns.  (See  Caryatic  order  and  Atlantes. ) 

CARYATIC  ORDER.  An  order  of  architect- 
ure used  by  the  Greeks,  the  principal 
feature  of  which  is  that  the  entablature  is 
supported  by  human  figures  in  place  of 
columns.    (See  Atlantes.) 

CARYATIDS.  (See  Caryates  and  Caryatic 
order  and  Atlantes. ) 

CARYATIDES.  (See  Caryates  and  Caryatic 
order  and  Atlantes. 

CASE.  An  outside  covering,  applied  in  joinery 
to  signify  a  covering  or  sheathing  to  rough 
timbers,  to  receive  the  mouldings  and  en- 
richments ;  the  framework  of  a  building. 

CASE  BAYS.  The  joists  framed  between 
girders. 

CASED.  A  term  which  signifies  that  any  part 
of  a  building  is  covered  with  a  better 
quality  of  material  than  the  under  surface. 

CASE  OF  A  DOOR.  The  wooden  frame  in 
which  the  door  is  hung. 

CASE  OF  A  STAIR.  The  wall  surrounding  a 
staircase. 

CASED  SASH  FRAMES.  Those  which  have 
their  interior  vertical  sides  hollow  to  admit 
of  weights,  axle  pulleys,  etc. 

CASEMATE.  A  hollow  or  cylindrical  mould- 
ing of  the  cavetto  classification,  the  section 
of  which  is  from  £  to  |  part  of  a  circle. 


CAS 


CEI 


CASEMENT.  Properly,  the  sash  of  an  early 
styled  window,  made  to  open  on  hinges, 
fastened  to  one  of  its  vertical  sides. 

CASERN.    A  small  room  in  a  fortress. 

CASING.  The  covering  of  a  body  with  any 
thin  substance.    (See  Cased  and  Case.) 

CASINO.    A  small  house. 

CASSINOID.  An  elliptic  curve,  where  the 
product  of  any  two  lines  drawn  from  the 
foci  to  a  point  in  the  curve  shall  be  equal  to 
the  rectangle  under  the  semi-transvarse 
and  semi-conjugate  diameters. 

CAlloON[SameasCaisson- 
CAST.    The  formation  of  a  solid  from  a  semi- 
liquid  state  by  the  use  of  moulds. 
CASTELLATED.    A  style  of  building  where 
embattlements  are  used  at  the  termination 
of  walls  and  parapets.  (See  Battlements. )  A 
building  made  to  imitate  an  ancient  castle. 
CASTELLE.    In  British  antiquity,  a  tower;  a 
castle ;  an  apartment  in  a  Roman  public 
bath  ;  a  cistern. 
CASTELLEIN.    In  ancient  Roman  architect- 
ure, a  reservoir. 
CASTELLEUM.    (See  Castelle.) 
CASTING .   A  term  analogous  to  warping,  or 

twisting.  See  Cast. 
CASTLE  1  A  building  fortified  by  nature 
CASTEL  I  or  by  art,  used  for  military 
CASTELLE  )-  defense  in  former  ages,  but 
KASTEL  I  now  applied  to  a  nobleman's 
CASTYL  J  or  gentleman's  residence  in 
England. 

CASTRUM  DOLORIS.    A  tomb;  a  monument. 

CATABASION.  In  Greek  churches,  a  hollow 
space  under  the  altar  where  the  sacred 
relics  were  deposited  for  safe-keeping. 

CATABULUM.    A  stable. 

CATACOMB.  Subterraneous  places  for  the 
burial  of  the  dead  ;  a  grotto. 

CATACONUM.  The  want  of  height  propor- 
tionate to  the  width  of  the  chapiter  of  a 
pillar. 

CATAFALCO  )  A  representation  of  a  tomb 
CATAFALQUE  )     or  cenotaph,  constructed  of 

framework,  with  painting,  used  at  funeral 

solemnities. 

CATAGRAPHA.  Carvings  of  men's  faces  in 
wood  or  stone. 

CATANARIAN-CURVE.  A  mechanical  curve 
formed  by  a  heavy,  flexible  cord  or  chain, 
of  uniform  density,  hanging  freely  from 
the  two  extremities. 

CAT  BAR.  An  iron  bar  used  to  keep  folding 
doors  fast  when  shut. 

CATCH  BASIN.  t  A  sort  of  shallow  well,  gen- 
erally built  of  brick,  used  to  catch  water. 

CATCH  DRAIN.  In  construction  of  a  canal. 
The  same  as  counter  drain. 

CATENARIA.    (See  Catanarian-curve.) 

CATENARY.    (See  Catanarian-curve.) 

CATER.    (See  Quatrefoil.) 

CATHEDRA.  A  chair  without  arms.  Accord- 
ing to  Juvenal,  a  chair  with  a  long,  deep 

CATHEDRAL.  The  principal  church  in  a  dio- 
cese, in  which  the  throne  of  the  Archbishop 
is  placed. 


CATHERINE-WHEEL.  In  Gothic,  a  large, 
ornamented  window,  of  a  circular  outline, 
tilled  with  a  rosette  in  centre,  or  radiating 
divisions,  and  beautifully  variegated. 

CATHETUS.  The  eye  of  the  volute  is  so 
termed,  because  its  position  is  determined 
in  an  Ionic  or  voluted  capital,  by  a  line  let 
down  from  the  point  in  which  the  volute 
generates. 

CATHEUS.  A  perpendicular  line  passing 
through  the  centre  of  a  cylindrical  body. 

CATS-HEAD.  A  Norman  moulding,  with 
ornaments. 

CATTLE-SHED.  An  open  building  for  shel- 
tering cattle. 

CAUKING.  The  method  of  fixing  the  tie 
beams  of  a  roof  or  joists  of  a  floor  down 
to  the  plate. 

CAULICOL^E.  The  stalk  in  the  Corinthian 
capital. 

CAULICOLE  )  The  foliated   branches,  seem- 
CAULICOLI  \     ingly  to  support  the  volutes 
under  the  abacus  of  the  Corinthian  capital. 
CAULICOLL.    Eight  stalks  between  each  two 
of  the  upper  rows  of  leaves,  ramifying 
upwards  in  the  Corinthian  capital. 

CAULICULAS*     fSee  Caulicoin 

CAULICULUS  )     (hee  {  aullCo"-  > 

CAULKING.  The  rilling  of  joints  in  floors 
with  anv  substance  to  make  them  water- 
tight, 

CAUSTIC  CURVE.  Is  formed  by  rays  ,  ,f  light 
issuing  from  a  curved  reflector. 

CAV^EDIA  I  In  ancient  Roman  buildings,  an 
CAV^EDIUM  \  open  court,  supposed  by  some 
writers  to  be  the  same  as  Atrium.  There 
are  five  kinds,  which,  from  their  mode  of 
construction,  are  severally  denominated 
Tuscan,  Corinthian,  Tetrastyle,  Displuvi- 
atum  and  Testudinatum.  The  Tuscan  had 
a  roof  projecting  from  each  wall  of  the 
court,  leaving  an  opening  in  the  centre. 
The  timbers  and  compluvia  of  Corinthian 
cavsedia  is  similar  to  the  Tuscan,  except 
the  roof  was  supported  by  columns.  The 
Tetrastyle  had  the  roof  supported  by  a  col- 
umn at  each  angle;  the  Displuvinated 
being  without  any  roof.  The  Testudinated 
had  the  court  roofed  in  with  a  vault  rising 
from  the  walls  where  the  space  to  be 
covered  was  not  too  large. 

CAVASION  /  Excavations  from  foundations  of 
CAVATION  j     buildings  ;  a  cellar. 

CAVEA  |  In  Roman  amphitheatres,  a  cell 
C  AVE^-E  I  or  cave  where  the  wild  beasts 
CAV^EIA  ["  were  kept  ready  for  fights  in 
CAVAZION  J     the  arena. 

CAVETTO.  A  hollow  moulding,  whose  pro- 
file does  not  exceed  a  quarter  of  a  circle  ; 
its  projection  should  never  be  more  than 
two-thirds  its  altitude.    (See  Cove.) 

CAVO  RELIEVO.  Egyptian  carving  in  relief. 

CEILING.  The  inside  of  a  roof ;  the  top  of 
an  apartment  opposite  to  the  floor ;  it  may 
have  a  horizontal  or  curved  surface ;  a 
name  given  to  boards  planed  and  matched. 

CEILING  JOIST.  Small  beams,  called  joists, 
on  which  the  lath  is  placed,  readv  *^»- 
plastering. 


CEL 


CHA 


CELL.     The  space  between  the  walls  of  a 

Greek  temple,  called  by  Greeks  "Naos." 

It  is  also  applied  to  an  interior,  retired 

place  ;,some  writers  apply  it  to  the  most 

sacred  part  of  the  temple. 
CELLAR.    The  lower  story  of  a  building ; 

sometimes  built  entirely  under  ground ; 

generally  used  for  a  store-room.  (See 

Basement.) 

CELLARAGE.  Same  as  Cellar,  or  relating 
thereto. 

CELLARING  That  part  of  the  Capital  in  the 
Roman,  Doric  and  Tuscan  orders  which  is 
below  the  annulet,  under  the  ovolo. 

CELTIC  OR  DRUIDICAL  ARCHITECTURE. 
A  term  applied  to  a  class  of  structures 
composed  of  unhewn  stones  of  great  size, 
the  erection  of  which  is  generally  attrib- 
uted to  the  ancient  Celts. 

CEMENT.  Any  glutinous  or  other  substance 
capable  of  uniting  bodies  together  into  one 
common  mass. 

CENOTAPH        )  A  tomb  generally  erected  as 

CENOTAPHIUM  V    an  honorary  tribute  to  the 

CANOTAPH  )  deceased  whose  body  may 
rest  in  other  lands. 

CENTERING.  The  act  of  constructing  a 
centre. 

CENTRE.  A  frame-work  of  timber,  the  con- 
vex side  of  which  is  formed  to  correspond 
with  the  concavity  of  an  arch,  and  used  to 
support  the  arch  while  in  progress  of  con- 
struction. 

CENTRE.  In  geometry,  a  point  in  a  solid 
or  surface. 

CENTRES  OF  DOORS.  The  pivot  of  the  hinge 
on  which  the  door  swings  ;  or  the  joining 
of  two  doors. 

CENTRE  OF  GRAVITY.  That  point  at  which 
all  the  weight  of  a  mass  might  be  collected 
without  disturbing  the  equilibrium  of  the 
body. 

CENTRE  OF  PRESSURE.  That  point  at  which 
pressure  of  any  kind  is  brought  by  one  body 
against  another. 

CENTRE  PHONIC.  In  acoustics,  the  position 
of  a  speaker  and  the  point  from  which 
emanates  the  sound. 

CENTRE  PHONOCAMPTIC.  That  place  or 
object  which  returns  the  voice.  In  acous- 
tics. 

CEROMA.    Ancient  Roman  baths. 

CESSPOOL.  A  basin  or  sink,  generally  located 
at  the  mouth  of  a  sewer  or  drain  as  a  recep- 
tacle for  refuse  matter. 

CESTOPHORI     }  Sculptures  of  the  female 

CESTOPHORUS  \  figure  used  in  architec- 
tural construction. 

CHACE.    A  groove  cut  in  the  face  of  a  wall. 

CHACE  MORTICE.  A  mortice  employed 
when  a  transverse  piece  of  timber  is  to  be 
let  in  between  two  parallel  beams. 

CHAIN  BOND.    See  Chain  Timber. 

CHAIN  TIMBER.  A  piece  of  timber  used  as  a 
band,  generally  placed  in  the  centre  of  a 
building,  and  built  into  a  wall  to  strength- 
en the  structure. 

CHALCIDECUS.  A  temple  anciently  dedicated 
to  Minerva,  constructed  entirely  of  brass. 


i  CHALCIDICUM  )  A  hall,  a  part  of  a  Roman 
CHALCIDIC^E   J"    court  of  justice. 

I  CHALK.  A  white  substance  found  in  most 
parts  of  the  world.  It  is  a  carbonate  of 
lime,  insoluble  in  water  but  decomposed  by 
heat. 

CHAMBER.  An  upper  apartment  in  a  build- 
in",  often  applied  to  a  sleeping  room. 

CHAMBRANILE  )  The  frame-work  surround- 

CHAMBRANLE  \    ing  a  door  or  window 
opening.     It  is  often  ornamented  in  fret 
and  carved  work, 
j  CHAMFER      i  An  arris,  taken  off  a  right- 
i  CHAMFERED  [    angle  corner,  at  an  angle  of 

CHAMPHER   )     forty-five  degrees,  the  termi- 
nations being  moulded  or  beveled. 
I  CHAMFERET.    A  groove  or  channel  in  the 

shaft  of  a  column. 
I  CHAMFERING.    (See  Chamfer.) 
i  CHAMPAIN.    In  carved  work,  a  conjunction 
of  straight  lines,  forming  indentations  sim- 
ilar to  the  projecting  parts,  either  ascend- 
ing or  descending. 

CHAMP    /  The  flat  surface  or  groundwork  of 

CHAMPE  J     a  sculptured  Ornament. 

CHANCEL.  In  the  cathedrals  of  England,  the 
easternmost  portion,  or  apsis,  appropriated 
to  the  use  of  the  clergy,  and  those  officiat- 
ing in  public  services. 

CHANDELIER.  An  ornamental  pendant,  sus- 
pended from  the  ceiling  of  an  apartment, 
through  which  gas  passes  to  the  burners, 
and  which  supports  the  globes,  etc. 

CHANDRY.  An  apartment  in  which  candles, 
lamps,  etc.,  are  stored. 

CHANNEL.  A  gutter  in  the  cornice  of  a 
building  for  the  conveyance  of  water. 

CHANNEL  OF  THE  LARMIER.  (See  Canal 
of  the  Larmier. ) 

CHANNEL  STORES.    (See  Channel.) 

CHANTLATE.  A  piece  of  timber  secured  to 
the  rafters,  and  projecting  beyond  the  face 
of  wall,  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the 
cornice  and  roof,  performing  the  same  ser- 
vice as  a  bracket. 

CHANTRY.  A  small  chapel,  in  which  mass  is 
chanted  or  celebrated. 

CHAPEL.  A  detached  building,  convenient 
to,  and  under  the  control  of  a  cathedral; 
used  for  divine  services. 

CHAPITER.  A  term  used  to  denote  a  capital 
of  a  column. 

CHAPLET.  A  small  fillet  cut  into  beads;  used 
in  ornamentation. 

CHAPTER  HOUSE.  A  building  detached, 
yet  convenient  to  a  cathedral;  and  used, 
in  connection  with  the  same,  for  the  hold- 
ing of  canonical  meetings. 

CHAPTREL.    (Same  as  Impost.) 

CHAR    )  An  old   term,   meaning   hewn  or 

CHARE  \  wrought. 

CHARGED.  A  term  used  in  the  practice  of 
architecture,  implying  that  one  portion  of 
an  edifice  is  sustained  by  another. 

CHARNEL  HOUSE  (Lat.)  A  building  for  the 
reception  of  the  dead. 

CHARTOPHYLACIUM  (Gr.)  A  recess,  niche, 
or  alcove. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  COLUMN. 


CHA 


CIR 


CHASE  MORTISE.  (Same  as  Chace  Mortise.) 
CHATEAU  (Fr.)    A  country  seat ;  a  castle. 

CHAUNTRY.    (See  Chantry.) 
CHEEKS.    Two  equal  or  similar  portions  of  a 
timber. 

CHEEKS  OF  A  MORTISE.  The  two  solid 
portions  each  side  of  the  mortise. 

CHEEK  PIECE.  The  triangular  side  of  an 
area,  or  steps  to  a  building. 

CHEQUERS.  In  masonry,  the  facing  stone  or 
ashlars,  having  all  their  joints  around  a 
building  in  a  straight  line. 

CHEST.    In  bridge  work,  same  as  Caisson. 

CHEVET.    (Same  as  Chancel  or  Apse. ) 

CHEVRON.  A  zigzag  ornament  :  used  in 
arches  and  archivolts  of  Norman  architect- 
ure, and  one  of  the  distinguishing  features 
of  the  style. 

CHILIAGON.  In  geometry,  a  regular  figure 
of  a  thousand  sides  and  angles. 

CHIMNEY.  A  passage,  or  flue,  through  which 
the  smoke  and  cinders,  from  a  fire,  pass  to 
the  open  air. 

CHIMNEY  JAMB  AND  BREAST.  That  por- 
tion of  a  chimney  on  which  is  placed  the 
mantel. 

CHIMNEY  SHAFT.  That  portion  of  a  chim- 
ney extending  above  the  roof,  and  con- 
structed ornamentally,  often  of  terra  cotta, 
brick,  etc. 

CHINESE  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  em- 
ployed by  the  inhabitants  of  China  and 
Japan  in  the  erection  of  their  temples, 
pagodas,  and  houses.  It  is  supposed  to 
have  reached  maturity  about  the  year  1760. 
We  cannot  pretend  to  give  any  classifica- 
tion of  the  varied  degrees  through  which 
the  style  has  passed  to  reach  its  present 
stage.  But  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that, 
through  the  researches  of  Sir  Wm.  Cham- 
bers, and  others,  we  have  a  complete  descrip- 
tion of  their  most  noted  buildings,  and  we 
are  led  to  believe  that,  for  grandeur  and 
richness,  their  pagodas  and  temples  have 
few  equals  amongst  the  more  classic  styles 
of  our  own  country,  and  we  have  in  the 
Great  Wall  of  China  one  of  the  most  stu- 
pendous undertakings  of  ancient  or  modern 
history. 

The  pagodas  are  innumerable  all  over 
the  land,  but  the  Porcelain  Tower,  at  Nang- 
kin,  is  considered  to  be  the  greatest  work 
of  art,  the  height  of  which  is  260  feet. 
The  Temple  of  Honang  is  the  most  mag- 
nificent structure,  of  its  kind,  in  the  world. 

The  Great  Wall  is  1,500  miles  in  length. 
It  is  constructed  of  brick  and  mortar,  25 
feet  thick  at  its  base,  diminishing,  at  a 
height  of  20  feet,  to  15  on  top.  At  intervals 
of  200  feet  are  towers,  40  feet  square  and 
37  feet  high,  built  in  a  most  substantial 
and  lasting  manner. 

CHIP.  A  piece  of  material  cut  away  by  a 
tool. 

CHISELED  WORK.  Stone-work  that  has  a 
face  worked  by  a  chisel. 

CHOCK.  A  piece  of  wood  used  to  fill  a  joint 
between  timbers. 


CHOIR.  That  part  of  a  cathedral  set  apart  for 
the  use  of  singers  and  organ.  The  term  is 
sometimes  applied  to  the  chancel.  The 
choir  is  generally  separated  from  the  bod\r 
of  the  church  by  arches,  a  rood  screen,  or 
railing. 

CHORAGIC  MONUMENTS.  In  Grecian  ar- 
chitecture, monuments  erected  to  the 
memory  of  great  men. 

CHORD.  The  extent  between  the  extremities 
of  an  arch,  or  the  right  lines  joining  the 
extremities  of  an  arch  on  the  springing 
line. 

CHRISMATORY.    In  Gothic  architecture,  a 

niche  in  the  chancel. 
CHROND.    A  vault,  or  crypt. 
CHRONOLOGICAL   COLUMN.     A  column 

erected  to  commemorate  some  event,  and 

bearing  the  history  and  dates  of  the  same. 
CHUNAM.    Stucco,  or  plaster. 
CHURCH.    A  public  edifice  set  apart  for  the 

worship  of  the  Deity. 
CHYMOL.    An  ancient  hinge. 
CIBORIUM.    In  ecclesiastical  architecture,  the 

covering  to  an  altar.    A  canopy. 
CILERY.    The  leaves,  foliage  and  carvings  to 

the  capital  of  a  column. 
CILL.    (See  Sill.) 

CIMA  INVERSA.  A  moulding,  serving. the 
same  purpose  as  Cima-Recta,  excepting 
the  convex  portion  is  uppermost. 

CIMA  RECTA.  A  moulding,  generally  used 
as  the  crowning  one  to  a  cornice,  and  is 
composed  of  a  concave  and  convex  mould- 
ing, the  former  being  uppermost. 

CIMBIA.    A  fillet,  string,  list,  or  cincture. 

CIMMEIJARCH  f  The  vestry  room  of  a  church. 

CINCTURE.  The  annular  fillet  at  the  termi- 
nation of  a  column  at  its  neck  or  base.  (See 
Apophyge.) 

CINQUE  CENTO.  That  style  of  architecture 
which  prevailed  in  Italy  and  readied  its 
greatest  perfection  A.  D.  1560. 

CINQUE  FOIL.  An  ornament  much  used  in 
the  pointed  style  of  architecture,  consist- 
ing of  five  cusps  or  points,  arranged  at 
stated  intervals. 

CIPPUS.  A  short  column,  often  without  base 
or  capital. 

CIRCLE.  A  figure  contained  under  one  line 
called  the  circumference,  which  we  divide 
into  360  equal  parts,  called  degrees.  Each 
degree  is  divided  into  60  equal  parts,  called 
minutes.  Each  minute  is  divided  into  60 
equal  parts,  called  seconds;  and  they,  in 
turn,  are  divided  into  60  equal  parts,  called 
thirds. 

The  area  of  a  circle  is  equal  to  that  of  a 
triangle,  the  base  of  which  is  equal  to  the 
circumference,  and  the  perpendicular  equal 
to  the  radius,  and  consequently  equal  to  a 
rectangle  whose  breadth  is  equal  to  the 
radius,  and  the  length  equal  to  the  semi- 
circumference. 

CIRCLET.    An  orb;  a  small  circle. 

CIRCULAR  CYLINDRO.  Lines  formed  by 
the  intersection  of  two  cylinders  whose 
axes  are  not  in  the  same  direction. 


CLOISTER 


CLUSTERED  ARCH 


CLEAR  STORY 
CLE  RE  STORY 


CIR 


COL 


CIRCUMFERENCE.    The  line  which  bounds 

a  circular  body. 
CIRCUMSCRIBE.    To  draw  a  circle  around  a  | 

figure. 

CIRCUMVOLUTIONS.  The  spirals  or  wind- 
ings of  the  Ionic  volute. 

CIRCUS.  A  large  enclosed  space,  circular  in 
form,  generally  surrounded  by  buildings. 

CIST.    Ancient  term  for  chest. 

CISTERN.  A  tank  or  reservoir  for  the  holding 
of  water. 

CITADEL.  A  tower,  fortification,  or  military 
post. 

CIVIL  ARCHITECTURE.  The  practice  of 
architecture  embracing  the  erection  of 
buildings  for  civil  use. 

CLAMP.    A  piece  of  material  used  in  building  I 
to  brace  and  tie  the  work  together. 

CLAPBOARD.  A  thin  board,  used  as  a  cover- 
ing to  walls  of  frame  buildings. 

CLASSICAL  ARCHITECTURE.    The  several  | 
styles  practiced  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  I 

CLATHRI.    A  bar  of  iron  or  wood  used  to  | 
secure  doors. 

CLAUSTRAL.    Relating  to  a  cloister. 

CLAY.    Calcareous  earth. 

CLEAR.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  space  or 
distance  between  two  portions  of  a  build- 
ing, as  in  the  clear. 
CLEAR  STORY  )  The  upper  story  of  a  church 
CLERE  STORY  )  edifice  rising  above  and 
clear  of  the  body  of  the  building.  The 
term  is  generally  applicable  to  Gothic  ar- 
chitecture. 

CLEAT.    A  narrow  strip  of  wood  generally 

secured  to  a  wall. 
CLINKER.    A  hard-burned  brick. 
CLOACAE.    A  Roman-built  drain  or  sewer. 
CLOCHARIUM.    A  bell  or  clock  tower. 
CLOGHEAD.    A  term  usually  applied  to  the 

ancient  round  stone  towers  of  Ireland. 
CLOISTER  (Lat.)    A  covered  communication 

or  range  of  buildings  generally  attached  to, 

or  a  portion  of,  a  monastic  or  religious 

ouilding. 

CLOISTER  GARTH.   A  central  space  enclosed 

by  the  walls  of  a  cloister. 
CLOSE  STRING.    Relating  to  a  stairway  en- 
closed between  walls. 
CLOSER.    In  masonry,  a  small  stone  used  to 

finish  out  a  course. 
CLOSET.    A  small  apartment  generally  used 

for  storage,  clothing,  etc. 
CLOSE  WALL.    An  enclosing  wall. 
CLUB  HOUSE.    A  building  generally  erected 

and  used  by  an  association  of  gentlemen 

for  the  purpose  of  recreation  and  pleasure. 
CLUSELLA  (Lat.)  A  diminutive  castle  within 

enclosing  walls. 
CLUSTERED.    In  architectural  construction, 

this  term  denotes  any  parts  joined  or 

grouped  together. 
CLUSTERED  ARCH.    A  series  of  arches. 
CLUSTERED  COLUMN.    (Same  as  Bundle 

Pillar. ) 

COACH  HOUSE.  A  building  devoted  to  the 
keeping  of  vehicles. 


COATING.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  cover- 
ing of  any  portion  of  a  building  with  any 
material,  as  coat  of  paint,  etc. 

COB  WALL.  A  wall  built  of  lime,  straw  and 
earth. 

COCHLEARE  (Lat.)  A  round  and  lofty  tower. 

COCK  HEAD.    (Same  as  Bead.) 

COCKET  CENTERING.  An  arch  centering 
raised  high  enough  to  give  head  room  un- 
der it  for  workmen,  while  constructing  the 
masonry. 

COCKING.  Relating  to  the  framing  or  notch- 
ing of  floor  joist  onto  timbers. 

COCKLE  STAIRS.    A  winding  stairs. 

COCK  LOFT.  The  top  room  in  a  building. 
An  attic  room. 

COEDISTANT.    At  equal  distances. 

COiLUM.    The  soffit  of  a  ceiling. 

CQSMENTICIUS.  Stone-work  laid  up  without 
mortar. 

COENACULUM.  The  dining  hall  of  a  Roman 
house. 

COHNATEO.  A  banquet  hall  of  a  Roman  house; 
also  used  to  designate  an  arbor. 

COFFER.  A  sunken  octagonal  or  square  panel, 
used  by  the  Romans  to  decorate  the  soffits 
of  flat  ceilings  and  the  intradoses  of  cylin- 
drical vaults. 

COFFER  DAM.  A  timber  framing  employed 
in  bridge  building  or  where  deep  founda- 
tions are  built  in  water. 

COGGING.    (Same  as  Cocking.) 

COIGNE.    (Same  as  Coin.)  A  wedge. 

COIN    )  (Ft.)   The  blocks  of  stone  generally 

QUOIN  )  used  to  decorate  and  finish  the  ex- 
ternal angle  of  a  building.  The  angle 
made  by  two  external  or  internal  surfaces. 
A  beveled  block  for  the  support  of  a  column 
or  pilaster. 

COLARIN.    (See  Collarino.) 

COLLAR.  A  ring  or  bead  surrounding  a 
cylindrical  body. 

COLLAR  BEAM.  A  beam  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  roofs,  extending  from  one 
rafter  horizontally  to  another,  acting  as  a 
tie. 

COLLARINO  /  That  part  of  a  classic  column 

COLARIN  f  directly  under  the  abacus,  and 
between  it  and  the  fillet  or  collar. 

COLLEGE.  A  public  building  used  for  educa- 
tional purposes. 

COLONELLI  (Ital.)  The  king  or  queen  posts 
of  a  roof  truss. 

COLONNADE  (Ital.)  A  range  of  columns, 
either  insulated  or  attached  to  a  wall. 

COLISEUM    I  (Lat.)    The  name  given  to  a 

COLOSSEUM  f  celebrated  structure  at  Rome, 
erected  A.  D.  80.  A  building  erected  in  a 
circular  or  elleptical  form.  The  Coliseum 
at  Rome  was  commenced  by  Vespasian  and 
finished  by  Titus.  Its  length  was  620  feet; 
width,  513  feet;  height,  160  feet. 

COLOSSUS  (Lat.)  The  name  given  to  a  cele- 
brated statue  at  Rhodes. 

COLUMA  (Lat.)   A  column. 

COLUMBARIA    )  (Lat.)  Holes  left  in  Roman 

COLUMBARIUM  \  walls  to  receive  timbers. 
A  pigeon  house. 


C0RJNTTJ1AN"  ORDER  OF  ARCHITECTURE.   COMPOSITE  ORDER  OF  ARCHITECTURE 


COL 


COR 


COLUMBARY.    A  pigeon  house. 

COLUMELLAS.    (Same  as  Baluster. ) 

COLUMN  (Lat.)  A  perpendicular  pillar,  post 
or  solid  body  used  to  support  some  super- 
incumbent weight  or  part  of  a  building. 

COLUMNAR.  Shaped  or  formed  like  a  column. 

COLUMNIATED  STAIRS.    Winding  stairs. 

COLUMNIATION.  Relating  to  the  use  of  the 
column. 

COMITIUM  (Lat.)  A  large  hall  in  a  Roman 
forum. 

COMMISSURE  (Lat.)  The  joints  of  stone-work. 
COMMON  RAFTER.  The  straight  plain  rafters 
of  a  roof  framing. 

c8Mpi™oSl(Fr-)  °-  p°rtion  or  divi- 

gSMP™D°N^  -on  of  an  edifice. 
COMPARTMENT  CEILING.    The  ceiling  of  a 

room  divided  into  coffers  or  panels. 
COMPASS-HEADED.    Circular-headed,  as  a 

window. 

COMPASS  ROOF.    A  ridged  roof.   A  circular 

or  vaulted  roof. 
COMPASS  WINDOW.  (Same  as  Bay  Window.) 
COMPLUVIUM  (Lat.)    Gutters  of  a  Roman 

building.    The  opening  at  the  top  of  the 

cavsedium  of  a  Roman  house. 

COMPOSITE  ARCH.  A  pointed  or  gothic  arch. 

COMPOSITE  ORDER  OF  ARCHITECTURE. 
The  last  of  the  five  orders  of  architecture, 
so  called  because  it  is  a  composition  of 
several  parts  of  the  remaining  four. 

COMPOUND  ARCHES.  Arches  placed  one 
within  another  and  receding  eacli  from 
the  other,  used  in  Gothic  work  principally. 

COMPOUND  COLUMN.  (Same  as  Bundle 
Pillar.) 

CONCAMERATA  SUDATIO.    An  apartment 

in  a  Roman  gymnasium. 
CONCAMERATE.    To  arch  over. 
CONCAVE.    A  semicircular  hollow  surface. 
CONCENTRIC.    In  geometry,  objects  having 

a  common  centre. 
CONCENTRIC  ARCH.    One  formed  with  a 

common  centre. 
CONCHA.    The  concave  surface  of  a  vault  or 

semi-dome. 

CONCLAVE.   A  room  in  the  Vatican  at  Rome. 
CONCORD.    A  celebrated  temple  at  Rome. 
CONCRETE.    In  architecture  and  building,  a 

composition  of  aggregates  and  cement. 
CONDUIT  (Fr.)  A  water  conductor.  A  passage 

from  one  building  to  another.  Generally 

applied  to  a  secret  passage. 
CONE.    A  geometrical  solid  whose  base  is  a 

circle,  from  which  it  extends  upwards  to 

a  point  or  apex. 
CONE  BRACKETING.    The  frame-work  of  a 

cone-shaped  ceiling. 
CONE  CEILING.    (Same  as  Cove  Ceiling.) 
CONFESSIONAL.     The  seat  occupied  by  a 

priest  during  confession. 
CONGE.    (Same  as  Apophyge.) 
CONICAL.    Resembling  a  cone. 


CONICAL  ROOF.    A  roof  partaking  of  the 

shape  and  character  of  a  cone. 
CONISTERIUM.    An  apartment  in  a  Roman 

gymnasium. 
CONISTRA.    The  central  part  of  a  theatre, 

termed  the  pit  or  parquette. 
CONOID  (Gr.)    Partaking  of  the  figure  of  the 

cone. 

CONSERVATORY  (Lat.)    A  building  used  for 

the  preservation  of  any  special  object,  as  a 

conservatory  for  flowers. 
CONSISTORY  (Lat.)    One  of  the  halls  of  the 

Vatican  at  Rome. 
CONSOL  (Fr.)   (Same  as  Cantiliver.) 
CONTABULATE.    To  floor  with  boards. 
CONTIGNATION  (Lat.)    A  floor  or  framing 

of  joists. 

CONVENT  (Lat.)  A  building  devoted  to  relig- 
ious exercises  and  educational  pursuits. 

CONVEX.    Sphericity  of  form.  Roundness. 

CO-ORDINATES.  In  architecture,  the  har- 
mony of  parts. 

COPARTMENT.    (Same  as  Apartment.) 

COPE.    To  arch  over. 

COPE  STONE.    (Same  as  Coping.) 

COPING.  The  top  or  cap  stone  used  to  finish 
a  wall  and  protect  it  from  the  weather. 

CORB.    (See  Corbel.) 

CORBEL  )  In  Gothic  architecture,  plain  or 
CORB  ALL  [-  ornamental  projections  from  the 
CORBIL     )    face  of  a  wall  to  receive  a 

weight,  as  the  ends  of  a  truss,  ribs  of  a 

vault,  etc. 
CORBEL  TABLE ) 

CORBEL  STEPS  [  A  row  or  series  of  corbels. 
CORBIEL  ) 
PORRFTT  ) 

CORBETTIS  \  (Same  as  Corbel-)    A  niche. 
CORBIE  STEPS.  A  corruption  of  Corbel  Table. 
CORBS.     A  Spanish  term  for  architectural 

ornamentation. 
CORD.    (Same  as  Chord. )    A  measurement  of 

stone-work. 

CORDON.  The  projecting  edge  of  a  stone 
where  it  is  visible  beyond  the  face  of  a 
wall. 

CORE.    Applied  to  the  interior  of  any  piece  of 

architectural  construction. 
rORF  TTOTTSF  ) 

cci  pttt?  pnn«F  I A  house  for  the  storage  of 
CORFF  HOUSE  \    fish  aud  keePinS  of  nets" 
CORICEUM  (Gr.)   Same  as  Concamerata  Su- 
datio. 

CORINTHIAN  ORDER  OF  ARCHITECTURE. 
The  term  applied  to  the  most  ornate  and 
richly  foliated  of  the  five  orders  of  archi- 
tecture, and  the  third  in  succession.  The 
first  being  the  Doric.  This  order  derived 
its  name  from  the  fact  of  its  invention  by 
Callimachus,  a  sculptor  of  Corinth,  about 
540  B.  C. 

CORKSCREW  STAIRS.    Winding  stairs. 

CORNELL.    (Same  as  Battlement.) 

CORNICE  )  (Lat.)    Any  collection  of  mould- 

CORN1SH  f  ings  or  architectural  design  sur- 
mounting or  finishing  any  portion  of  a 
building. 


COR 


CUS 


CORONA  (Lat.)  The  broad  vertical  member 
of  a  classical  cornice. 

COROSTROTA  (Lat.)   Roman  inlaid  work. 

CORPS  (Fr.)  Any  architectural  detail  project- 
ing from  the  plain  surface  of  a  wall. 

CORRIDOR  (Fr.)  A  hall,  gallery  or  commu- 
nication from  one  portion  of  a  building  to 
another. 

CORRUGATED  IRON.    Sheet  iron  bent  into 

corrugations. 
CORSA.    A  flat  square  moulding,  as  Belt, 

which  see. 
CORTILE.    A  court  yard. 

COTTAGE.  Generally  applied  to  a  small 
dwelling. 

COULLIsIe^    A  grooved  timber. 
COTE.    (Same  as  Cottage.) 
COUNTERFORT.    (Same  as  Buttress.) 
COUNTER  SINK.    Any  portion  sunk  below  a 

general  surface. 
COUPLE  CLOSE.    A  pair  of  rafters. 
COUPLED  COLUMNS.    A  pair  of  columns, 

or  where  columns  are  set  in  pairs. 
COUPLES.  Rafters. 

COURSE.    A  continued  range  of  stone,  brick, 

slate,  etc. ,  as  used  in  building. 
COURSING  JOINT.   The  joint  between  courses 

of  masonry. 

COURT.  An  open  uncovered  area  in  or  about 
a  building. 

COURT  HOUSE.    A  building  where  justice  is 

administered. 
COUSINET   )  The  stone  that  surmounts  a  pier 
COUSSINET  J     and  upon  which  rests  the  first 

springer  of  an  arch. 
COVE.    Any  class  of  moulding  or  construction 

whose  section  partakes  of  a  concave  form. 
COVE  BRACKETING.    The  frame  or  furring 

work  of  a  cove  ceiling. 
COVE  CEILING.  The  ceiling  of  a  room  formed 

after  the  cove. 
COVER.    A  term  used  by  slaters  to  denote 

the  lap  of  one  slate  over  another. 
COWL.    A  cover  for  a  chimney. 
CRADLE.    (Same  as  Cove  Bracketing.)  A 

frame-work  in  vaulted  ceilings. 
CRAMP.    (Same  as  Anchor.) 
CRAPAUDINE.    Applied  to  a  door  turning  on 

pivots. 

CREASING.  A  layer  of  tiles  forming  a  cap- 
ping to  a  wall. 

CREDENCE.  A  table  or  shelf  used  in  the 
chancel. 

CREEPER.    (Same  as  Crocket. ) 

CRENELLATED  }     ,a  „  , , , 

CRENELLE        \    (Same  as  Battlement.) 

CREST.  The  apex  or  finish  of  any  architect- 
ural design. 

CREST  TILES.    The  last  row  of  tiles  at  the 

ridge  of  a  roof. 
CREUX.    A  class  of  sculpture  cut  from  and 

sunk  below  the  surrounding  surface 
CRIB.    A  frame-work  of  timber,  as  a  coffer 

dam,  which  see. 


CRIPPLE  TIMBER.    (See  Couples. ) 
CROCKET  )  (Fr.)    In  Gothic  architecture,  the 
CROKET    >-    foliated  ornament  used  to  fin- 
CROCHET  )    ish  and  decorate  the  arris  of 

spires,  gables,  etc. 
CROSETTES.    (Same  as  Ancon.) 
CROSS.    In  architecture,  a  geometrical  figure 

consisting  of  an  upright  and  two  arms, 

generally  used  to  symbolize  the  Christian 

religion. 

CROSS-BANDED.    A  term  used  in  stair-work. 

CROSS-BEAM.    A  transverse  beam. 
ROSS-PIECE,    (Same  as  Cross-  Beam,  | 
ROSS-QUARTERED  (  A  cruciform  foliated 
ROSS-QUARTERS     )  ornament. 
ROSS-SILL.    (Same  as  Cross-Beam.) 
ROSS-SPRINGER.    (Same  as  Cross-Beam.) 
ROSS-SUMMER.    (Same  as  Cross-Beam.) 

CROSS- VAULTING.    The  groins  of  a  vault. 

CROUDE  }    (Same  as  Crypt.) 
CROWN.    In  architecture,  the  uppermost  por- 
tion. 

CROWN  MOULD.    Applied  to  the  topmost 

mould  of  a  classical  cornice. 
CROWN  POST.    (Same  as  King  Post.) 
CRYPT.    (Same  as  Cellar. )   Generally  applied 

to  the  underground  portion  of  a  cathedral. 
CRYPT  PORTICUS.    Relating  to  cellars  of 

Roman  houses. 
CUBE  (Gr.)    In  geometry,  a  solid,  bounded 

by  six  squares,  or  sides. 
CUBIC  ULE  ) 

CUBICLE       -  (Same  as  Chamber.) 
CUBICULUM  ) 
CUDDY.    A  small  hut. 
CUL-DE-FOUR )  ,  ,  14.  ,   ,  , 

CU-DE-FOUR   [  A  lmv  vai,lted  chamber. 

CUL-DE-SAC.  A  kind  of  court,  open  at  one 
end  only. 

CULMEN.    The  ridge-piece  of  a  roof. 
CULVERT.    An  arched  drain. 
CUNEUS.    The  central  portion  of  a  Roman 
theatre. 

( 'UPBOARD.    (Same  as  closet. ) 

CUPOLA.  (Same  as  Dome.)  Particularly  used 
to  designate  a  small  vault  rising  in  a  circu- 
lar or  elleptical  curve  from  a  circular  or 
octagonal  plan. 

CURB-PLATE.  The  wail-plate  as  used  on  a 
circular  wall. 

CURB -RAFTER.    (See  Curb-Roof.) 

CURB-ROOF.  A  roof  whose  external  form 
partakes  of  the  segment  of  a  circle,  the 
rafters  of  which  are  segmental  or  elliptical 
in  form. 

CURIA.    (Same  as  Basilica.) 

CURTAIL-STEP.  In  early  stair-building,  the 
first  step  in  a  flight  of  stairs.  It  de- 
rived its  name  from  the  fact  of  one  end 
being  curtailed  or  reduced  in  the  form  of  a 
scroll. 

CURVE.    In  geometry,  a  line  partaking  of  the 

form  of  the  circle. 
CUSHION-CAPITAL.    (Same  as  Cousinet. ) 
CUSHION-RAFTER.    A  principal  rafter 


cus 


DIR 


CUSP  (Lat.)  In  Gothic  work,  the  pendant 
terminations  or  points  formed  by  the  fin- 
ishing and  intersections  of  the  geometrical 
lines  by  which  the  trefoil,  quatrefoil,  cin- 
quefoil,  polyfoil,  etc.,  are  described. 

CYCLOID  (Gr.)  A  circular  geometrical  figure. 

CYCLOPEAN  (architecture).  The  massive 
construction  practiced  by  the  early  Greeks. 

CYCLOSTYLAR.  A  circular  range  of  columns. 

CYLINDER  (Gr.)  In  geometry,  a  figure  hav- 
ing a  circular  plan. 

CYLINDRICAL  ARCH.   A  circular  arch. 

CYLINDRICAL  CEILING.    A  vault  or  dome. 

CYMA         )  (Gr.)    A  classic  moulding  whose 

CYMATUM  j-    section  is  a  curve  of  contrary 

CIMA  )     flexure,  one  that  is  formed  by 

two  segments  struck  from  different  centres, 
same  as  Ogee. 

CYMB1A.    (Same  as  Bead.) 

CYPHERING.    (Same  as  Chamfer.) 

CYZICENE.    A  hall  in  an  ancient  Greek  house. 


I) 


ADO  (Ital.)  Properly  the  body,  or  solid 
plain  portion  of  a  classic  pedestal  ;  that 
portion  of  the  wall  of  a  room  between  and 
above  the  base  and  the  next  collection  of 
mouldings. 

DAIRY.    A  building  devoted  to  the  keeping  of 
milk  and  the  manufacture  of  butter,  etc. 


A  raised  platform  or  rostrum. 


DAIS  ) 
DEIS  \ 

DAM.  A  construction  of  lumber,  stone,  etc., 
for  the  purpose  of  confining  water. 

DANCETT™  }  (Same  as  Chevron-) 
DAY.    (Same  as  Bay.) 

DEAD  SHORE  )  A  prop,  brace,  or  post,  used 
DEAD  SHOAR  \     in  the  sense  of  an  extra 
support. 

DEAFENING.  Any  method  of  construction 
used  in  buildings  to  deaden  sound. 

DEALS.  (Same  as  Boards.)  Generally  applied 
to  fir  and  pine  cut  up  into  lumber  one  inch 
in  thickness. 

DEBRIS.  Fragments  of  rock,  brick  and  rub- 
bish. 

DECAGON  (Gr.)  A  plain  figure  having  ten 
sides  and  angles. 

DECAHEDRON  (Gr.)  A  solid  figure  con- 
tained in  ten  sides. 

DECANICUM.    A  prison. 

DECASTYLE.    A  colonnade  of  ten  columns. 

DECORATED  STYLE.  The  term  applied  to 
that  classification  of  Gothic  architecture 
which  embraced  the  highly  enriched  and 
ornamental  buildings  erected  in  England 
during  the  close  of  the  13th  and  beginning 
of  the  14th  century. 

DECORATION.  The  enrichment  of  any  por- 
tion of  an  architectural  construction. 

DEFLECTION.  A  term  applied  to  the  act  of 
a  curve  departing  from  a  straight  line. 

DELUBRUM    A  Roman  temple. 


DEMI-METOPE.  (See  Metope.)  The  half  of  a 
Metope. 

1  DEMI-RELIEVO.    Sculpture,  where  the  fig- 
ures are  in  half -relief. 
DENTICLES.    (Same  as  Dentils.) 
DENTILS  ).  (Lat.)    A  row  of  blocks  or  solids 
j  DENTELS  f    placed  in  a  cornice  at  equal  dis- 
tances. 

DEPOT  (Fr.)  Properly  a  building  for  the 
storage  of  military  stores.  A  railway 
building. 

DESIGN.  In  architectural  drawing,  the  de- 
lineation or  drawing  of  any  portion  of  a 
building. 

DESK.    (Same  as  Pulpit) 

DESTINA.  (The  same  as  Aisle  ;  same  as  Cell.) 
A  column. 

DETACHED  COLUMN.    A  column  standing 
clear  of  a  wall. 
I  DETAIL  (Fr.)    The  delineation  to  full  size, 
j        or  large  scale,  of  any  portion  of  an  archi- 
tectural design. 

DIAGLYPHIC.  Sculpture  of  the  nature  of 
engraved  work. 

DIAGONAL  (Gr.)  In  geometry,  a  line  drawn 
through  a  figure  from  the  vertex  of  one 
angle  to  another. 

DIAGONAL  BUTTRESS.  One  placed  at  the 
angle  of  a  building. 

DIAGONAL  MOULDING.   (Same  as  Chevron.) 

DIAGONAL  RIB.  One  passing  diagonally 
from  one  point  of  a  vault  to  another. 

DIAGRAM.  In  architecture,  a  plan,  design  or 
drawing  of  any  detail. 

DIAMETER.  A  straight  line  passing  through 
the  centre  of  a  circle. 

DIAMOND  FRET.  A  moulding  shaped  into 
diamond-like  sections. 

DIAPER.  The  decoration  of  any  plain  surface 
in  raised  work, generally  consisting  of  scroll, 
leaf  and  flower  work. 

DIAPERING.    (Same  as  Diaper.) 

DIASTYLE.  A  certain  space  between  the 
columns  of  a  classic  building  equal  to  three 
diameters  of  the  column.  Sometimes  the 
term  designates  the  building  constructed 
in  this  manner. 

DIATHYRA.    The  vestibule  to  a  Greek  house. 

DIATONI.    (Same  as  Quoin,  or  Coin.) 

DIATONIC  STONE.    (Same  as  Coin. ) 

DIDORON.  A  Greek  brick,  13  inches  long 
and  G  inches  wide. 

DIKE  /  (Sax.)    A  wall  of  stone  or  construc- 

DYKE  \  tion  of  other  materials,  as  iron  or 
timber,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the 
action  of  a  large  body  of  water  upon  the 
soil,  or  shore. 

DIMINISHED  ARCHES.  Those  whose  out- 
line is  less  than  a  semicircle. 

DIMINUTION  OF  COLUMNS.  The  contrac- 
tion of  a  classic  column  from  the  base  to 
the  capital. 

DINING  ROOM.  That  apartment  of  a  modern 
house  devoted  to  the  serving  of  meals. 

DIPTERON.  An  ancient  classical  temple  sur- 
rounded with  a  double  row  of  columns. 

DIRETTA.    (Same  as  Cima  Recta.) 


DIS 


DWE 


DISCHARGING  ARCH.  An  arch  built  in 
stone  or  brick  walls  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
charging the  weight,  that  would  otherwise 
bear  directly  on  the  lintel,  to  the  wall. 

DISCHARGING  STRUTS.  The  same  as  a 
principal  rafter  in  a  roof-framing. 

DISHING.    In  the  nature  of  a  cove. 
DISPLUVINATED  CA VADIUM.   (See  Cavse- 
dium.) 

DISTYLE  (Gr.)    A  portico  of  two  columns, 

generally  in  Antis. 
DITRIGLYPH.    The  act  of  placing  two  tri- 

glyphs  over  an  inter-columniation  in  the 

classic  styles. 
DIVAN.    An  Oriental  chamber  or  public  hall. 

A  seat. 

DIVTDICULA.    A  reservoir  or  water-basin. 

DODECAGON  (Gr.)     Having  twelve  equal 

sides  and  angles. 
DODECAHEDRON  (Gr. )  In  geometry,  a  figure 

having  twelve  equal  sides,  one  of  which  is 

a  pentagon. 

DODECASTYLE  (Gr.)  A  classic  building  hav- 
ing a  portico  of  twelve  columns. 

DOG-LEGGED  STAIRS.  A  flight  of  stairs 
built  between  partitions,  the  upper  portion 
of  which  returns  in  opposition  to  the  lower 
portion. 

DOG-TOOTH  MOULDING.  A  moulding  used 
in  the  Early  English  style. 

DOME  (Lat.)  The  covering  to  an  octagonal 
or  circular  vault,  presenting  a  convex  ex- 
ternal surface. 

DOMESTIC  ARCHITECTURE.  The  practice 
of  architecture  when  it  relates  to  the  erec- 
tion of  private  buildings  and  houses. 

DOMICILE  [  A  Personal  residence. 
DONJON     )  The  principal  tower  of  a  Norman 
DONGEON  \    castle  ;  a  prison. 
DOOKS.    Wood  brick. 

DOORS  (Sax.)  That  part  of  an  architectural 
construction  used  to  close  the  aperture 
from  one  apartment  to  another. 

DOOR-JAMB.  The  moulded  side  of  a  door- 
way. 

DOOR-PLANE.    Same  as  Door-Jamb. 

DOORWAY.  The  aperature  or  passage  from 
one  apartment  to  another. 

DORIC  ORDER.  The  first  of  the  five  orders 
of  architecture.  Properly,  the  original  and 
most  ancient  example  of  Greek  art,  origin- 
ated about  B.  C.  100. 

DORMAN.    A  cross-beam. 

DORMAN  TREE     )  .  .  .  .  . 

DORMANT  TREE  [  A  joist  or  sleeper. 

DORMER     )  A  window  particularly  applica- 

DORMANT  <j    ble  to  attics  and  roofs. 

DORMITORY.    An  attic  sleeping-room. 

DORON.  The  standard  rule  of  Grecian  meas- 
urement, generally  termed  a,  palm. 

DOS  D'ANE  (Ft.)  A  term  synonymous  with 
coping. 

DOSEL.    Upholstery  hangings. 


DOUBLE  BUILDING 
DOUBLE  COLUMN 
DOUBLE  CURVATURE 
DOUBLE  DOORS 
DOUBLE  SASH 
DOUBLE  STAIRS 
DOUBLE  VAULT 


Terms  applied  to 
different  parts  of 
a  building  to  de- 
note more  than 
one,  or  twice  the 
number. 


DOUBLING  (Scotch.)    Same  as  Barge  Board. 

BoucSraB  \  ^  Same  as  Cima  Recta- 

DOVECOT.    A  pigeon  house. 

DOVETAIL.    The  method  of  fastening  two 

pieces  of  wood  together. 
DOVETAIL  MOULDING.    A  moulding  used 

in  Norman  arches. 
DOWEL.    A  wooden  pin. 
DRAGON-BEAM.    Same  as  Dead  Shore. 
DRAGON-PIECE.    A  kneeler  block,  or  short 

piece  of  timber  used  to  strengthen  the 

foot  of  a  principal  truss-rafter. 
DRAIN.    A  conduit  for  sewage. 
DRAUGHT.    Same  as  a  drawing. 
DRAW-BORE  [  Terms  used  in  truss  con- 

DRAW-BORE  PINS  \     struction  or  framing 

of  timbers. 

DRAWING.  The  art  of  representing  objects 
or  parts  of  a  building. 

DRESS.  The  preparation  of  stone  for  building- 
purposes. 

DRESSER.    A  case  of  shelves  or  drawers. 

DRESSING  ROOM.  A  room,  generally  adjoin- 
ing a  sleeping  room,  used  for  the  preparation 
of  the  toilet. 

DRESSINGS.  In  architecture,  the  embellish- 
ment of  a  design  by  the  addition  of  orna- 
ments, mouldings,  etc. 

DRIP.    The  edge  of  a  roof,  as  the  eaves. 

DRIPS.    Steps  on  flat  roofs  for  walking  on. 

DRIP-MOULD  I  A  moulding  or  projection  of 
DRIP-STONE  \    stone  generally  placed  over 

a  window  or  doorway  for  the  purpose  of 

throwing  off  the  rain. 
DROMUS.    An  enclosed  entrance  or  vestibule. 
DROPS.    In  architecture,  small  pendants,  as 

under  the  mutules  of  the  Doric  cornice. 

DROVED  ASHLAR  )  In  stone-work,  a  tooled 
DROVED  MARGINS  [    margin  on  the  edjje 
DROVED  WORK      )     or  around  the  face  of 
a  stone. 

DRUIDICAL    TEMPLE.    The  ancient  stone 

constructions  of  the  Druids. 
DRUM.    A   cylindrical   construction   of  any 

building  material.    (See  Dome.) 
DRUM  OF  A  CAPITAL.    (See  Bell.) 
DRY  KILN.    A  mechanical  apparatus  for  the 

purpose  of  drying  lumber. 
DRY-ROT.    A  vegetable  disease  of  a  destruc- 
tive nature  affecting  wood. 
DUBBING.     The  act  of  replacing  decayed 

brick  in  an  old  wall. 
DUN.    A  term  given  to  ancient  specimens  of 

round  stone  towers  generally  built  on  a 

mound  or  hill. 
DWANGS.    Scotch  term  for  a  Brace. 
DWARF-WALL.    A  low  or  subordinate  wall. 
DWELLING  HOUSE.    A  private  resident. 


DYE 


EQU 


DYE.    Same  as  Dado. 

DYPTERION  )  g  Dinterc 
DUPTERRON  \  bame  Ah  ■UlPtelc 


EARLY  ENGLISH  ARCHITECTURE.  The 
first  grade  of  the  English  Gothic  style. 
EARS.    Same  as  Ancones  ;  same  as  Crosettes. 
EARTH-TABLE.     A  water-table.    Same  as 

Belt  Course. 
EAVES  (Sax.)   The  edge  of  a  roof. 
EAVES  BOARD.    Same  as  Barge  Board. 
EAVES  CORNICE.    The  mouldings  finishing 
the  eaves. 

EAVES  LATH  I  A  small  strip  of  wood  used 
EAVES  STRIP  \     under  the  first  course  of 
slate. 

EAVES  LEAD.  The  lead  lining  used  in  eaves. 
EAVES  MOULDING.  Same  as  Eaves  Cornice. 
ECCENTRICITY.    The  distance  between  the 

foci  of  an  ellipsis. 
ECCLESIASTICAL  ARCHITECTURE.  A 

term  sometimes  applied  to  Gothic  art. 
ECHINUS  (Gr.)   A  convex  moulding  carved 

into  egg-shaped  spheroids,  used  in  Greek 

and  Roman  architecture. 
ECHOMETRY.    The  science  of  the  Echo  as 

applied  to  buildings. 
ECPHORA     )  (Gr.)  A  term  used  to  designate 
ECPHORAN  \    the  projection  of  a  moulding 

beyond  the  face  of  the  surrounding  sur- 
faces. 

EDGE.  In  geometry,  the  intersection  of  two 
inclined  or  partially  inclined  planes. 

EDGE-JOINT.    The  joint  formed  by  two  edges. 

EDGING.  Relating  to  the  term  Edge.  The 
waste  edge  of  sawn  timber. 

EDIFICE  (Lat.)  A  term  generally  applied  to 
a  public  building. 

EDILE  (Lat.)  A  term  synonymous  with  archi- 
tect. 

EGGS  )  A  term  used  to  designate 

EGG  MOULDING  [  the  ornamental  carv- 
EGG  AND  TONGUE  )     ing  of  the  Echinus. 

EGYPTIAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
architecture  practiced  by  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians. 

ELBOW  BOARD.    A  window  sill  or  stool. 

ELBOWS  OF  A  WINDOW.  The  panel-work 
each  side  of  a  window  having  boxed  inside 
blinds.  The  term  frequently  applies  to  the 
space  between  the  bottom  of  the  blind  or 
shutter  and  the  floor. 

IlFng  f Same  cs  aisle- 

ELEOTHESION  (Lat.)  In  Roman  Art,  an 
anointing  room. 

ELEVATION.  A  term  used  to  designate  a 
drawing  or  design  of  a  facade. 

ELEVATOR.  A  building  devoted  to  the  stor- 
age of  grain.  A  lifting  apparatus. 

ELIZABETHAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That 
style  of  English  architecture  that  reached 
its  perfection  and  was  practiced  during  the 
Tudor  and  Elizabethan  dynasties. 


An  angular  conic  section. 


ELIPTIC  ARCH.    An  arch  constructed  on  the 

form  of  an  Ellipsis. 
ELLIPSIS  ; 
ELLIPSE  i 

ELLIPSOID.  A  solid  formed  by  the  revolu- 
tion of  a  semi-ellipsis  around  its  axis. 

ELLIPSOID  ELLIPSOIDAL.  Relating  to  the 
Ellipsoid. 

EMBANKMENT.  A  term  usually  applied  to  a 
wall  constructed  on  the  bank  of  a  body  of 
water. 

EMBATTLED  BUILDING.    One  finished  with 

embrasures  in  the  parapet  wall. 
EMBATTLED  BATTLED  LINE )  See  Battle 
EMBATTLED  LINE  -  Embattled, 

EMBATTLED  ARONADE  )  Battlement 

and  Aronade. 
EMBLEMATA.    Roman  mosaic  work. 
EMBOSSING.     Carved  work   in  low  relief. 

Same  as  Basso-Rilievo. 
EMBRASURE  )  The  splay  or  bevel  of  a  door 
EMBR AZURE  \   or  window  jamb.  (See  Battle- 
ment. ) 

EMPLECTION.    Roman  rubble  masonry  of  an 

inferior  character. 
ENCARPUS.    Same  as  Carving. 

ENDECAGON.    In  geometry,  a  figure  with 

eleven  sides  and  angles. 
ENGAGED  COLUMN.    A  column  attached  to 

a  wall  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  of  its 

diameter. 

ENGLISH  ARCHITECTURE.  A  general  term 
used  to  designate  the  several  grades  of 
Gothic  art  as  practiced  by  the  English  from 
the  tenth  to  the  fifteenth  century. 

ENGLISH  BOND.    (See  Bond  English.) 

ENNEAGON.  In  geometry,  a  figure  of  nine 
sides  and  angles. 

ENRIPUS.  A  rail  or  trench  in  a  Roman  am- 
phitheatre. 

ENSEMBLE  (Fr.)  A  term  used  to  signify  the 
general  effect  in  architecture. 

ENTABLATURE  { (Fr.)   That  part  of  a  clas- 

ENIABLEMENT  J  (Lat.)  sic  building  resting 
immediately  on  the  columns,  and  forming 
the  lower  part  of  the  cornice,  as  the  archi- 
trave and  frieze.    Same  as  Coping. 

ENTAIL.  A  term  used  to  designate  elaborate 
carved  decoration.    (Now  obselete. ) 

ENTASIS.  The  swelling  or  curvilinear  line  of 
the  Grecian  and  Doric  columns. 

ENTER-CLOSE.    A  passage. 

ENTRANCE.    Same  as  Entry. 

ENTRESOLE  (Fr.)  An  intermediate  story. 

ENTRY  (Fr.)   Same  as  Vestibule. 

EPIGRAPH.    An  inscription  on  a  building. 

EPISTLE.    The  side  of  an  altar. 

EPISTYLE  / 

EPISTYLUM  \ 

EPISTYLAR  ARCUATION.  The  method  of 
constructing  arches  from  column  to  col- 
umn. 

EPITITHEDAS  |  tn  .   Q  n 
EPITITHYDES  y  ("r,J  Same  as  Cymatium. 

EQUAL  ANGLES.  Circles,  curves,  figures 
and  solids.  In  geometry,  a  uniformity  of 
parts. 


(Gr.)    Same  as  Architrave. 


escutcheon; 


EQUILATERAL  ARCH. 


EQU 


FIN 


EQUIDISTANT.  In  architecture,  the  spacing 
of  the  parts  in  uniformity.  The  same  dis- 
tance between. 

EQUILATERAL  (Gr.)  A  figure  having  equal 
sides. 

EQUILATERAL  ARCH.  In  Gothic  art,  an 
arch  the  lines  of  which  are  described  from 
equal  centres. 

EQUILATERAL  TRIANGLE.  A  triangle  of 
equal  sides. 

EQUILIBRIUM  OF  ARCHES.  Relating  to 
the  treatment  of  arches. 

ERECHTHEUM.  A  celebrated  temple  of  an- 
cient Athens. 

ERECTION.    The  act  of  building. 

ERGASTULUM.  An  ancient  house  of  correc- 
tion. 

ESCAPE.    A  concave  quadrantal  moulding. 
ESCOINSON  (Fr.)    Interior  edge  of  a  window 
jamb. 

ESCUTCHEON.  In  building,  that  part  of  the 
hardware  covering  the  keyhole. 

ESTRADE.    Same  as  Dais. 

ETRUSCAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
architecture  practiced  by  the  Etruscans. 

EUSTYLE  (Gr.)  The  act  of  placing  the  col- 
ums  of  a  classic  building  two  and  one- 
quarter  diameters  apart. 

E VOLUTE  \    A  geometrical  curve. 

EWERY.  A  cupboard  for  keeping  ewers  and 
wash  basins. 

EXAGON.    Same  as  Hexagon. 

EXCAVATE.    To  hollow  or  dig  out. 

EXCENTRIC.  A  term  the  reverse  of  Concen- 
tric. 

EXEDRA    )  (Gr.)    The  portico  of  a  Greek 

EXHEDRA  j  gymnasium. 

EXOSTRA.   An  apartment  in  a  Roman  theatre. 

EXTRADOS  (Lat.)  The  external  surface  of  an 
arch  or  vault ;  the  intrados  being  the  un- 
derside of  an  arch  or  vault. 

EVE.    A  circular  window.    (See  Bull's  Eye.  ) 

EYEBROW.    (Same  as  Fillet.) 

EYE  OF  A  DOME.    The  central  opening. 

EYE  OF  A  VOLUTE.  The  centre  of  the 
spiral  curve. 


T^ACADE  (Lat.)  The  front  or  elevation  of  a 
P  building. 

FACE.    The  front.    (Same  as  Fascia.) 

FACE  BRICK.    A  pressed  brick. 

FACE  MOULD.  A  mould  used  in  hand-railing. 

FACE  OF  A  STONE.  That  portion  worked, 
and  intended  for  the  face  of  the  wall. 

FACE  PLAN.   A  term  used  in  stair  building. 

FACE  WALL.    (Same  as  Frontal.) 

FACET      )  The  fillet  between  the  flutes  of  a 

FACETTE  J     classic  column. 

FACIA.    (Same  as  Fascia.) 

FACING.  The  outer  covering  or  finishing  sur- 
face to  any  architectural  composition. 


F ACTABLING.    (Same  as  Coping. ) 
FALLING  MOULD.    A  mould  used  in  hand- 
railing. 

FALSE  ATTIC.    (See  Attic  Order  and  Attic.) 

FALSE  RAIL.  The  representation  of  a  railing 
on  the  face  of  a  wall. 

FALSE  ROOF.  That  space  between  the  ceil- 
ing of  the  top  story  and  the  roof  proper. 

FANAL.    A  lighthouse. 

FANE.    (Same  as  Finial.) 

FAN-LIGHT.    A  transom  light. 

FAN-ROOF.    A  half  circular  window. 

FAN  TRACERY  [  The  tracery  or 

FAN  TRACERY  VAULTING  \  ribs  and  lines 
of  a  Gothic  roof,  so  termed  from  the  fact  of 
their  radiating  to  a  common  centre. 

FANUM.  A  Roman  temple  dedicated  to  some 
deity. 

FASCIA  )  (Lat.)    The  plain  vertical  member 
FACIO    -     immediately    below    the  crown 
FACIA   )     mould  of  a  classic  cornice. 
FASTIGIUM  (Lat.)    A  pediment.    The  upper 

part  of  a.  cornice. 
FAUCET.    A  water-cock. 

FAUX.  A  passage  between  the  two  principal 
apartments  of  a  Roman  villa. 

FEATHER-EDGE.  The  acute  meeting  of  two 
surfaces  ;  a  trapezoidal  section. 

FEATHERING.  A  term  given  to  the  pointed 
intersections  of  the  lines  and  curves  form- 
ing the  tracery  of  a  Gothic  composition  or 
design ;  as  Cusp. 

FEATHER-JOINT.  A  joint  made  with  two 
feather  edges. 

FELT.  A  heavy  paper  used  in  building  opera- 
tions. 

FUmIrELlI    (Same  as  Louvre.) 

FEMUR.  The  plane  surface  between  the  chan- 
nels of  a  Triglyph  of  the  Doric  order. 

FENCE.  An  architectural  design  for  enclosing 
grounds  ;  a  railing  ;  a  balustrade. 

FENESTELLA.  A  niche  on  the  south  side  of 
the  altar  of  a  cathedral. 

FENESTRAL  (Lat. )  A  window  blind  or  closed 
casement. 

FENESTRATION  /  The  space  between  the  win- 
FENESTRAI        f    dows  of  a  classic  building. 

FERETERY  \ (Lat)    A  shrine  ;  a  tomb' 

FESTOON.  Carved  decorations  used  in  archi- 
tectural creations. 

FIGURE.  A  term  used  in  architecture  to  de- 
note a  detached  portion. 

FILLET  [  A  small  band  or  flat  member  of  an 

FILET    \     architectural  design. 

FINE  STUFF.  A  term  used  to  denote  fine 
plastering  mortar. 

FINIAL  (Lat.)  The  finish  or  vertical  termina- 
tion to  any  architectural  design.  Particu- 
larly applicable  to  the  Gothic. 

FINISH.  A  term  given  to  joiner's  work,  as 
casings,  bases,  pilasters,  etc. 

FINISHING  LUMBER.  A  term  used  to  desig- 
nate a  class  or  grade  of  lumber  used  in 
finishing  ioiner's  work. 


FIR 


FRI 


FIRE-BRICK.  A  grade  of  brick  used  in  the 
setting  of  grates,  boilers,  etc.,  made  of 
silica  and  alumina,  and  infusible  under 
heat. 

FIRE-PLACE.  The  lower  portion  of  a  chim- 
ney; a  hearth. 

FIRE-PROOF.  The  method  of  erecting  inde- 
structible buildings. 

FIRST  FLOOR.  The  lower  or  ground  floor  of 
a  building. 

FISHING       )  A  beam  framed  of  two  pieces, 
FISH  BEAM  \    the  butting  joints  being  cov- 
ered on  each  side  with  extra  pieces,  and 
bolted. 

FISTUCA.    An  ancient  pile-driver. 

flIgItone  l™^*0*6  used  in  walks  or  in 

FLAGGING    \  PavlnS- 

FLAMBOYANT.  A  name  given  to  French 
Gothic  art.  So  termed  from  the  fact  of  the 
undulating  distribution  of  lines  in  wave  or 
flame-like  ramifications. 

FLANK  (Fr.)   A  side,  or  flank  wall. 

FLAPS.    The  folds  of  inside  shutters. 

FLASHINGS.  A  term  given  to  any  metal,  as 
tin,  copper  or  lead,  used  around  gutters, 
chimneys,  windows,  etc.,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  them  water-tight. 

FLAT  CROWN.    (Same  as  Corona.) 

FLATTING.  A  method  of  painting  in  oil,  with 
a  dead,  glossless  finish. 

FLEMISH  BOND.    (Same  as  Bond  Flemish.) 

FLEUR  DE  LIS.  In  architecture,  the  use  of 
the  flower  lily  in  decoration. 

FLIGHT.  A  term  used  to  designate  a  staircase  ; 
as,  a  flight  of  stairs. 

FLINT- WALL.  A  wall  constructed  of  flint 
and  pebbles. 

FLOATING.  A  term  used  in  plastering,  to  de- 
note the  act  of  finishing  it  smooth. 

FLOOR  (Sax.)  The  board  covering  of  joist 
and  timbers  in  a  building. 

FLOOR  BEAMS  )  The  scantling  and  timbers 

FLOOR  JOIST    J     on  which  a  floor  is  laid. 

FLOOR  PLAN.  The  plan  or  diagram  of  the 
apartments  of  a  building. 

FLORIATED.    Referring  to  the  Florid  Style. 

FLORID  STYLE.  That  transitionary  state  of 
Gothic  architecture  which  reached  its  great- 
est perfection  during  the  reigns  of  Henry 
VII.  and  VIII.  of  England. 

FLOWER,  FOUR-LEAVED.  An  ornament 
used  in  Gothic  work. 

FLUE.    The  channel  or  shaft  of  a  chimney. 

FLUSH.  A  term  to  designate  two  surfaces 
meeting  on  the  same  plane. 

FLUSH  AND  BEAD.    (See  Bead  and  Flush.) 

FLUSH  PANEL.  A  framed  panel,  flush  with 
the  rails. 

FLUTES      )  Semicircular  cavities  in  a  classic 

FLUTINGS  \  column. 

FLYERS.   A  series  of  parallel  steps. 

FLYING  BUTTRESS.  In  Gothic  architecture 
an  arched  buttress  springing  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  portion,  used  to  counteract  the 
lateral  pressure  of  a  roof. 


An  arched  vault. 


FOILS  (Lat.)  That  term  given  to  the  circular 
formations  and  intersections  of  Gothic  tra- 
cery. 

FOLDING  DOORS.  Such  as  are  made  in  two 
parts. 

FOLDS.    (See  Flaps.) 

FOLIAGE.    An  architectural  arrangement  of 

leaves,  vines  and  flowers. 
FOLIATED  I  fSeeFoils1 
FOLIATION  \  ^e*mls-> 
FONT  (Lat.)    A  vessel  for  holding  consecrated 

water. 

FOOT  (Sax.)  A  measure,  lineal,  superficial  or 
solid. 

FOOT  BASE.    The  base  mould. 

FOOT-PACE.  A  term  used  in  hand-railing. 
(Same  as  Dais). 

FOOT-STALL.  An  old  English  term  for  Ped- 
estal. 

FOOTING  BEAM.    The  tie-beam  of  a  truss. 
FOOTING  DORMANT.   The  tie-beam  of  a 
roof. 

FOOTINGS.  The  first,  or  bottom  layer  of 
stone  or  brick,  as  used  in  foundations. 

FOREYN.    A  cesspool,  or  drain. 

FORMA.    (Same  as  Aqueduct.) 

FORMERETS  (Fr.)  In  Gothic  art,  the  wall 
arches  of  a  groined  roof. 

FORNICATE 

FORNICATED  [ 

FORT.    A  military  stronghold. 

FORTALICE.    A  small  castle. 

FORTIFICATION.    A  military  outwork. 

FORNIX  (Lat.)  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  market 
place,  or  building. 

FORUM  (Lat.)  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  market 
place,  or  building. 

FOSSE.    A  trench  around  a  castle. 

FOUNDATION  (Fr.)  The  bottom  or  lower 
portion  of  a  wall. 

FOUR-LEAF  FLOWER.  A  Gothic  ornament. 

FOXTAIL  WEDGE.  A  wedge  used  in  fram- 
ing. 

FRAME.    The  timber  work  of  a  building. 
FRAME  PIECES )  The  stone  tracing  of  a 
FORM  PIECES     \     Gothic  window. 
FRANKING.    In  sash-making,  the  cut  made 

in  the  vertical  bar  for  the  reception  of  the 

transverse  bar. 
FREED  STOOL  )  A  seat  near  the  altar  of  a 
FRID  STOOL     \  cathedral. 
FREE  STONE.    Sand  stone. 
FREEZE  )  That  part  of  an  entablature  between 
FRIEZE  [    the  architrave  and  cornice. 
FRIZE  \ 

FREEZE  PANEL.    An  improper  term  for  the 

top  panels  of  a  door. 
FREIZE.    (See  Freeze.) 

FREIZE-RAIL.  An  improper  term  for  top 
rail. 

FRESCO  PAINTING.  A  peculiar  class  of 
painting  on  plastering. 

FRET.  An  ornament  used  in  classic  architec- 
ture. 

FRIARY.  A  building  inhabited  by  a  religious 
community. 


GALLERY. 


FRT 


GOT 


(Same  as  Refrigerator.) 


FRIGIATORY 
FRIGIDARIUM 
FRONT.    (Same  as  Facade.) 
FRONT  BRICK.    Pressed  brick. 
FRONTAL.    (Same  as  Antependium. ) 
FRONTON.    (Same  as  Pediment.) 
FRUSTRUM.    That  part  of  any  geometrical 

figure  which  remains  after  cutting  off  the 

apex. 

FULCRUM.  The  point-  of  bearing  of  a  lever. 
FULL  CENTRE  ARCH.    An  Equilateral  Arch, 

FUNNEL.    (Same  as  Flue.) 

FURRING.  A  term  given  to  a  frame  of  wood- 
work when  used  to  shape  out  or  bring  to  a 
regular  surface  any  portion  of  a  building, 
or  to  give  an  air  space  to  a  wall  by  strip- 
ping it  vertically. 

FURRINGS.  A  term  given  to  scantling  or 
lumber  when  used  as  furring. 

FURR  UPT  } (Same  as  Furring-) 
FUST.    A  French  term  for  the  shaft  of  a  col- 
umn or  pilaster. 
FUSUROLE  )  (Lat.)    A  half-round  moulding 
FUSxlROLE  \     carved  into  bead-like  sections. 


GABLE  (The  enclosed   end  of  a 

GABLE  END  (     pitched  roof.    (Used  in 
the  same  sense  as  Pediment.) 
GABLE-ROOFED.  A  building  having  a  pitched 
roof. 

GABLE  WINDOW.  A  window  in  the  gable 
end. 

GABLET.  An  architectural  construction  in 
the  form  of  a  gable;  a  small  gable. 

GAIN.  A  recess  cut  in  a  timber  or  scantling; 
the  shoulder  of  a.  timber  so  cut  as  to  give 
additional  resistance  to  the  tenon. 

GALETS      )  Broken  stone  as  used  in  con- 

GALETING  j  crete. 

GALLERY.    An  apartment ; 

arcade;  an  elevated  portion  of  a 
building ;  a  balcony. 

GALLILEE.    In  early  Gothic  work,  a  porch. 

GAOL.    A  prison  or  jail. 

GARD.    (Same  as  Aqueduct.) 

GARGOYLE^  A  fantastic  creation,  generally 

GARGLE       I     partaking    of  animal  form, 

GARGYLE    |     used  as    the    discharge,  or 

GERGOYLE  j     mouth-piece,  of  a  roof  gutter. 

GARLAND  (Fr.)  An  artistic  creation  or  ar- 
rangement of  fruits,  leaves  and  flowers. 

GARNETS.    A  T  or  strap  hinge. 

GARRET  (Fr.)  (Same  as  Attic.)  The  unused 
portion  of  a  building  directly  under  the 
roof. 

GARRETING.    Small  pieces  of  stone  filled  into 

joints  of  stone-work. 
GARRISON.    A  fort,  citadel  or  castle. 
GATE.     An    architectural  construction  for 

closing  an  entrance,  doorway  or  gateway. 


GATEWAY.    An  entrance. 

GATHERING  OF  THE  WINGS.  In  chimney 
construction,  the  act  of  drawing  the  fire- 
place together  at  the  top,  and  the  formation 
of  the  throat  of  the  chimney. 

GAVEL.    (Same  as  Gable.) 

GEMMEL  1 

OYMMFR I 

CHYMOL  '         anc*ent  term  for  a  hinge. 
GIMMER  J 

GENESIS  (Gr.)    In  geometry,  the  formation 

of  a  form  solid  or  plane. 
GENTESE  )  (Same  as  Cusp,  or  Featherings,  in 
GENTEN   \    Gothic  art.) 

GEOMETRICAL.  A  term  used  in  the  theory 
and  practice  of  geometry. 

GEOMETRY  (Gr.)  The  science  of  lines,  sur- 
faces and  solids. 

GETTE.    A  French  term  for  Jettie. 

GIBLEA  CHEQUE  )  A  Scotch  term  for  Rebate 

GIBLET  CHECK    [    or  Reveal,  or  used  in 

JIBLET  CHECK     )    the  same  sense. 

GIGANTIC  ORDER.  A  term  used  to  designate 
the  Tuscan. 

GIN^CONITES  (Gr.)  Apartments  in  a  Greek 
house. 

GIRDER  (Sax.)    A  beam  or  timber. 

GIRDING  BEAM.    (Same  as  Girder.) 

GIRDLE  (Sax.)   (Same  as  Band.) 

GIRT.    A  brace,  fillet,  or  scantling. 

GLASS  (Sax.)  A  transparent,  factitious  sub- 
stance, formed  by  the  fusion  of  silicious 
substances,  combined  with  alkaline  earth, 
metallic  oxide,  etc.,  used  in  architecture  for 
closings,  openings,  windows,  etc. 

GLAZING.    The  act  of  setting  glass. 

GLYPH.  A  canal  groove  or  recess.  Hence 
the  term  Triglyph,  which  see. 

GOCCIOLATOIO.    Same  as  Corona. 

GODDROON.  Inverted  fluting.  (Same  as 
Cable.) 

GOLA  "j 

§8la  ROVE^cIa  f  (Same  as  Cymatum.) 
GULA  J 

GORGE  (Fr.)  A  concave  moulding.  (Same  as 
Cynia  Recta;  same  as  Collarino.) 

GORGERIN.    (Same  as  Collarino.) 

GORGONEID.    A  carved  keystone. 

GOTHIC  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
architecture  originating  in  its  primitive 
stages  with  the  Goths,  and  brought  into 
maturity  and  prominence  by  the  later  Ital- 
ian architects,  who  seemed  to  have  applied 
the  term  Gothic  to  any  transition  of  the 
classical  orders  during  their  decline,  which, 
however,  culminated  in  a  heterogeneous 
combination  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  ex- 
amples, with  the  Romanesque,  Lombardic, 
Saxon  and  Norman  forms  or  details.  This 
style  reached  a  distinct  period  during  the 
middle  ages  by  the  applicition  of  the 
science  of  geometrical  lines  and  problems, 
partaking  of  the  classic  dynamics  which 
governed  the  ancient  Roman  builders  as 
a  base,  but  gravitating  towards  a  lighter 
and  more  fragile  creation,  until  the  English 
gradually  adopted  it  a  s  a  national  exempli- 
fication of  a  higher  Christian  art.    To  the 


OROIN  CEILING 


GOU 


HEA 


English,  therefore,  are  we  indebted  for  the 
final  characteristics  of  this  style,  which 
during  the  fourteenth  century  reached  its 
highest  period  of  perfection,  and  gave  to  the 
architectural  world  a  distinct  and  dominant 
style. 

GOUFING  FOUNDATIONS.  A  Scotch  terra 
for  underpinning  a  wall. 

GRADETTE  }  (Same  as  Amulet-> 
GR^ECOSTASIS.  A  hall  or  portico  of  a  Roman 
building. 

GRANARY.  A  building  used  for  the  storage 
of  grain. 

GRANGE.    An  ancient  term  for  Barn. 
GRANITE.     An  aggregate  rock  formation 

composed  of  feldspar,  quartz  and  mica. 
GRATING.    (Same  as  Grillage.) 
GREEK  ARCHITECTURE.    A  general  term 
given  to  that  distinct  class  of  building 
practiced  by  the  ancient  Greeks. 
GREEK  ARCH  ]  Contemporaneous 

GREEK  CROSS  terms  used  to  des- 

GREEK  MASONRY  I  ignate  the  several 
GREEK  MOULDINGS  f  individual  and  spe- 
GREEK  ORDER  cific  details  of 

GREEK  ORNAMENTS  J     Greek  architecture 
as  expressed  by  the  particular  title  men- 
tioned in  margin. 
GREENHOUSE.    (Same  as  Conservatory.) 
GREES.    Steps,  or  a  staircase. 
GRILLAGE  )  A  frame-work  of  timber;  a  lat- 
GRILL        [    tice  or  screen  of  iron  or  other 
GRILLE      )  metal. 

GROIN.  The  line  of  intersection  of  the  intra- 
doses  of  two  cylindrical  vaults  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles. 

GROIN  CEILING.  The  surface  of  a  ceiling 
formed  of  groined  arches  or  vaults. 

GROTESQUES.  An  eccentric  and  fantastical 
creation,  used  in  architectural  decoration. 

GROTTO.  Generally  a  term  used  to  designate 
a  subterraneous  cavern. 

GROUND  FLPOR.    The  principal  floor. 

GROUND  LINE.    The  surface  of  the  ground. 

GROUND  NICHE.  One  which,  instead  of 
rising  from  a  dado,  or  base,  starts  imme- 
diately from  the  floor. 

GROUND  PLAN.  The  drawing  delineating 
the  arrangement  of  the  principal  floor. 

GROUND  PLATE.    (Same  as  Sill.) 

GROUNDS.  (Much  the  same  meaning  as  Fur- 
rings.  Strips  of  wood  attached  to  walls 
and  partitions  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
the  finished  work. 

GROUND-TABLE  STONE.   (Same  as  Plinth.) 

GROUPED.  A  term  used  to  convey  the  con- 
gregation of  any  architectural  elements. 

GROUPED  COLUMNS.  This  term  is  used  to 
designate  several  columns  standing  on  the 
same  pedestal. 

GROUT.  (Same  as  Concrete.)  A  thin  mixture 
of  cement  or  mortar. 

GUERITE.    A  watch  tower. 

GUILLOCHI  )  (Ital.)  A  spiral  fantastic,  orna- 

GUILLOCHE  f    mental  decoration. 

GUTTLE.  Conic-like  drops  used  in  the  decora- 
tion of  the  Doric  order. 


GUTTER.    A  channel  or  conduit  for  water, 

generally  applied  to  a  roof. 
GUTTERINGS.    Relating  to  gutters. 
GYMNASIUM.    Originally,  an  apartment  of 

a  Roman  house  devoted  to  gymnastics. 
GYNECiEUM  )  Originally,  a  separate  apart- 
GYN^CEUM  y    ment  of  a  Roman  house  for 

women. 

GYPSUM.  A  combination  of  sulphuric  acid 
and  calcareous  earth,  from  which  plaster 
of  Paris  is  made. 


TJ  ABITACLE.  An  old  English  term  for  a 
n.  habitation. 

HACKING.  A  term  used  in  Scotland  to  desig- 
nate an  inferior  kind  of  broken  ashlar- 
work.    (See  Broken  Ashlar.) 

HALF  PACE  -) 

IIlF  LANDING    A  Platform  in  a  fairway. 

HALPACE  J 

HALF-ROUND.    A  semicircular  body. 

HALF-TIMBERED  ROOF,  WALLS  OR 
HOUSES.  A  term  generally  used  in  con- 
nection with  Gothic  architecture  to  desig- 
nate a  building,  roof  or  frame-work  filled 
in  with  plaster  or  rough-cast  work. 

HALL  (Sax.)  The  entrance  apartment;  a  pass- 
age; an  English  mansion. 

HALLYNGS.    The  hangings  of  a  hall. 

HAMMER-BEAM.  The  lower  beam  projecting 
horizontally  from  the  wall  and  acting  as 
the  base  and  tie  to  the  principal  rafter  of  a 
roof  truss. 

HAMMER-DRESSED.  A  term  used  to  denote 
the  act  of  dressing  stone  with  the  stone 
hammer  preparatory  to  laying  the  same  in 
the  wall. 

HAND-RAIL.    The  rail  of  a  stairway. 
HANGING.    A  term  to  denote  the  placing  of 

doors,  sash,  etc.,  in  position  in  a  building. 
HANGING  BUTTRESS.    In  Gothic  work,  a 

buttress  starting  from  a  corbel  and  not  from 

the  foundation. 
HANGING  STILE.    The  stile  of  a  door  or 

window  to  which  the  hinge  is  fastened. 
HANSE.    (Same  as  Haunch.) 
HARD-FINISH.    In  plastering,  the  last  coat 

of  stucco  or  plaster  of  Paris. 
HARNESS-ROOM.    In  stables,   a  room  for 

keeping  and  cleaning  harnesses. 
HASP.    A  piece  of  hardware  used  to  secure 

doors. 

HATCH  )  A  diagonal  mould- 

HATCHED  MOULDINGS  }     ing    used  in 

Gothic  work. 
HATCHWAY.    An  opening  in  a  floor  or  ceil- 
ing. 

HAUNCH  )  That  portion  of  an  arch  between 
HANSE     )     the  spring  line  and  the  extrados 
or  vertex. 

HEAD  (Sax.)  A  term  used  to  denote  the  top 
or  end  of  any  architectural  portion;  a  key- 
stone carved  with  the  head  of  some  animal. 


HEA 


HYD 


HEADER  )  A  brick  or  stone  laid  in 

HEADING  COURSE  f  a  wall  with  the  head  or 
end  to  the  face  of  the  wall.    (See  Binders.) 

HEADING-JOINT.    (See  Butting  Joint.) 

HEAD-ROOM  >  In  stair-building,  the  perpen- 

HEAD-WAY  S  dicular  distance  from  the 
tread  to  ceiling  above  in  the  clear. 

HEADS.    Tile  or  slate  laid  at  the  eaves. 

HEALING.  The  act  of  covering  a  roof  with 
tile,  slate,  etc. 

HEARSE  I  A  metal  frame  used  to  protect  an 

HERSE    \     effigie  on  a  tomb. 

HEART-BOND.  In  stone-masonry,  the  act  of 
lapping  the  joint  between  two  stones  with  a 
header,  or  through-stone. 

HEARTH  )  The  brick  or  stone  bottom 

HEARTH-STONE  (  to  a  fire-place.  (See  Fire- 
place.) 

HECATOMPEDON  (Gr.)  A  name  given  to  the 
Parthenon,  a  celebrated  temple  of  Athens. 

HECATONSTYLON.  A  name  given  to  the 
portico  of  Pompey's  Theatre,  Rome,  from 
the  fact  of  its  being  built  on  a  hundred 
columns. 

HECK  )  .  r„ok 

HEEK  \  A  raCK- 

HEEL.  A  moulding  ;  same  as  Cima  Inversa. 
HEEL  OF  A  RAFTER.    The  foot  of  a  rafter  ; 

the  lower  end. 
HEIGHT  OF.    In  architecture,  a  term  used  to 

designate  the  perpendicular  distance  of 

parts. 

HELICAL  LINE  OF  A  HAND-RAIL.  The 
spiral  line,  or  twist  of  the  hand-rail. 

HELICOID  PARABOLA.  A  geometrical  prob- 
lem. 

HELIOCAMINUS.  A  chamber  in  a  Roman 
house. 

HELIOSCENE.    An  outside  slat  blind. 
HELIX.    (See  Caulicole.) 
HELYING.    A  corruption  of  Aisle. 
HEM.    The  projecting  spirals  of  the  Ionic 
volute. 

HEMI.    In  architecture,  same  as  Semi.  Circle. 
HEMICYCLE  (Lat.)    (Same  as  a  semicircle.) 
HEMICYCLIUM.    The  orchestra  of  a  Roman 

theatre. 
HEMISPHERE  ) 

HEMISPHEROIDAL  f In  geometry,  one-half. 
HEMITRIGLYPH.    The  half  triglyph. 

UNDECAGONN  }  ^  ^Same  as  Endecagon.) 

HEPTAGON  (Gr.)  A  geometrical  figure  of 
seven  sides  and  angles. 

HERRING-BONE  MASONRY.  Masonry  in 
which  the  stones  are  laid  anglewise  or 
slanting. 

HERSE.    (Same  as  a  Portcullis.) 

HEXAGON  (Gr.)  In  geometry,  a  plain  figure 
bounded  by  six  straight  lines. 

HEXASTYLE.  A  classic  portico  of  six  col- 
umns. 

HICK-JOINT  POINTING.  The  act  of  filling 
the  joints  of  stone-work  with  cement. 

HIEROGLYPHICS.  The  sculpture  and  pic- 
ture-writing of  the  ancients. 


HIGH  ALTAR.  The  altar  of  a  cathedral 
church. 

HIGH-RELIEF.    (See  Alto-rilievo.) 

HINDOO  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
architecture  practiced  in  Hindostan. 

HINGE.  A  mechanical  invention  for  swing- 
ing a  door. 

HIP.  The  line  formed  by  the  meeting  of  two 
angles  in  a  roof -framing. 

HIP-KNOB.    (Same  application  as  Finial.) 

HIPPODROME.  A  building  devoted  to  eques- 
trian exercises. 

HIP-RAFTER.  A  rafter  placed  at  the  hips  of 
a  hip-roof. 

HIP-ROOF.  A  roof  constructed  of  equally 
inclined  planes  rising  to  the  same  pitch 
and  height. 

HIP-TILES  )  Tiles  or  mouldings  used  on 
HIP-MOULDS  \      the  hips  of  roofs. 

HOARDING  ) 

HOARD        [  A  high  fence  or  enclosure. 
HOURD  ) 

HOLLOW  NEWEL.  (Same  as  the  well-hole 
of  a  stair.) 

HOLLOW  WALLS.  Walls  built  of  two  thick- 
nesses, with  a  hollow  space  for  the  purpose 
of  preventing  frost  and  dampness  from 
penetrating  through  the  wall. 

HOLLOWS.  A  term  given  to  concave  wood 
mouldings. 

HOOD-MOULD.    (Same  as  Drip-Mould.) 

HORIZONTAL  CORNICE.  The  level  cornice 
forming  the  base  of  a  classic  pediment. 

HORN.    (Same  as  Hem.) 

HORSE-SHOE  ARCH.  A  Saracenic  or  Moor- 
ish arch. 

HOSPITAL.    A  public  building  for  the  use  of 

the  sick,  insane,  etc. 
HOSTRIE  ) 

HOSTELRIE  [  (Same  as  Hotel.) 
HOSTEL  ) 

HOTEL.  A  public  house  for  the  entertain- 
ment and  convenience  of  travelers  and 
guests. 

HOT-HOUSE.    (Same  as  Conserratory.) 

HOUSE.  A  habitation  erected  for  man's  shel- 
ter, comfort,  and  protection. 

HOUSING  )  A  term  applied  to  a  recess  cut  out 

HOUSED  C  of  a  piece  of  lumber  to  receive 
the  extremity  of  another. 

HOVELLING.  In  chimney-building,  the  pro- 
cess of  drawing  the  sides  over  and  above 
the  two  others  to  aid  the  draft. 

HUMERI.  The  angles  of  an  ancient  temple 
formed  by  the  four  walls  of  the  cell  or 
cella. 

HUNG.    (See  Hanging.) 

HURLERS.  Celtic  erections  of  rude  stone- 
work. 

HUT  (Sax.)  A  small  cottage  or  habitation. 
HYDRANT.  A  water  supply  or  water-cock. 
HYDRAULIC  CEMENT.    A  lime  containing 

silica,  alumina,  magnesia,  etc. 
HYDRAULIC  LIME.    A  lime  that  readily 

hardens  under  water. 


HYD 


IRO 


HYDRAULIC  LIMESTONE.    A  stone  con- 
taining iron  and  clay. 
HYDROSTATIC  ARCH.    A  linear  arch  suited 

to  sustain  normal  pressure  at  each  end. 
HYP^ETHRAL  )  (Gr.)  In  Greek  architecture, 
HYP^THRON  [    a  temple  having  ten  col- 
HYPAETHROS  )  umns. 
HYP^ETHRUM.    An  open  court. 
HYPERBOLA  (Gr.)    A  conic  section. 
HYPERBOLIC  CONOID  ]  A  geometri- 

HYPERBOLOID  [    cal  figure 

HYPERBOLIC  CURVE  f    formed  by 

HYPERBOLIC  CYLINDROID  J     the  revolu- 
tion of  a  Hyperbola  about  its  axis. 
HYPERTHYRUM  )  The  lintel  of  a  doorway. 
HYPERTHERUM  \    (See  Bressummer.) 
HYPOCAUST       )  (Gr.)  In  Roman  buildings, 
HYPOCAUSTUM  f    a  subterraneous  furnace 
room. 

HYPODROMUS  (Gr.)    A  covered  walk  or  am- 
bulatory. 

HYPOG^EUM  (Gr.)    (Same  as  Cellar.) 
HYPOPODIUM.    An  ancient    Roman  foot- 
stool. 

HYPOSCENIUM.     A  partition  back  of  an 

orchestra  in  a  theatre. 
HYPOSTYLE.    A  colonnade. 
HYPOTENUSE    )  The  longest  side  of  a  right- 
HYPOTHENUSE  \    angle  triangle. 
HYPOTRACHELIUM  (Gr.)   The  neck  of  the 

Tuscan  and  Doric  column. 


TCHNOGRAPHY.  The  ground  plan  of  a 
1  building. 

ICOSAHEDRON  (Gr.)    A  geometrical  solid  of 

twenty  triangular  pyramids. 
IMBATTLED.    (See  Embattled.) 

IMBOWMENT  [  To  arch  or  vault  over- 
IMBRICATED  TRACERY.    A  pattern  similar 

to  the  tiles  of  a  roof. 
IMPAGES  (Lat.)   An  ancient  term  for  the 

rails  of  a  door,  accredited  to  Vitruvius. 
IMPERIAL  (Fr.)    A  species  of  dome. 
IMPETUS  (Lat.)    The  span  of  a  roof,  vault  or 

arch. 

IMPLUVIUM.    A  Roman  cistern. 

IMPOLE.    A  scaffold-pole. 

IMPOST  (Fr.)  The  head  of  a  pier,  pilaster  or 
pillar  on  which  the  arch  rests.  The  cor- 
nice or  mouldings  at  the  head  of  a  pier, 
pilaster  or  pillar. 

IN  ANTIS.    Relating  to  antas. 

INBAND  JAMB-STONE.  A  bond-stone  built 
in  the  jamb  of  a  door  or  window. 

INBOND  JAMB-STONE.  Incorrect  term  for 
Inband  Jamb-stone. 

INCERTUM  OPUS.    (See  Insertum.) 

INCH  (Lat.  Sax.)  A  measure  of  length,  either 
lineal,  superficial  or  solid,  based  on  the 
length  of  three  barleycorns  ;  the  twelfth 
part  of  a  foot. 

INCRUSTATION.  A  species  of  low  relief; 
embossed  work  or  engi'aved  work. 


INDENTED  (Lat.)  Toothed  or  matched  to- 
gether. 

INDIAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  prac- 
ticed in  India. 

INFIRMARY.    (Same  as  Hospital.) 

INFLECTED  ARCH.    An  inverted  arch. 

INLAYING         }  In  joinery,  the  method  of 

INLAID  WORK  f  joining  together  on  a  gen- 
eral ground  a  number  of  pieces  so  as  to 
form  one  general  design  or  figure. 

INN.    A  public  house  or  hotel. 

INNER-PLATE.  The  central  plate  to  a  double 
hipped  roof. 

INSERTED  COLUMN.  A  column  inserted 
into  a  wall,  in  part  or  whole. 

INSERTUM  )  A  rough  class  of  stone- 

INCERTUM  OPUS  \  work. 

INSULA.    (Same  as  Aisle.) 

INSULATED  BUILDING.  One  that  is  iso- 
lated. 

INSULATED  COLUMN.  (Same  as  Detached 
Column.) 

INTAGLIOS  (It. )    An  Italian  term  for  carving. 

INTAVOLATA.    (Same  as  Cymatum.) 

INTERCEPTED  AXIS.    (Same  as  Abcissa.) 

INTER-COLUMN  )  (Lat.)  Relating  to 

INTER-COLUMNIATION  \  the  distance  be- 
tween the  columns  of  the  classic  styles. 

1NTERDENTILS.    The  space  between  dentils. 

INTERDUCES.  A  term  given  to  framing  of 
timbers  or  girts  between  posts. 

INTER-FENESTRATION.  The  space  between 
windows. 

INTER-JOIST.    The  space  between  joists. 
INTERLACED  ARCHES.  Intersecting  arches. 
INTERLIGNIUM.     The  space  between  the 

ends  of  tie-beams. 
INTER-MODILLION.     The    space  between 

modillions. 

INTERPENSIVE  (Lat.)    (Same  as  Cantiliver.  ) 
INTER-PILASTER.    The  space  between  them . 
INTERSTITIUM.     Central  space  beneath  a 
tower. 

INTERTIES  I  ,a  T  .  , 

INTERTIE   \  (f5ame  as  Interduces. ) 

INTONACO  (It.)  The  finishing  coat  of  plas- 
tering. 

INTRADOS.  The  soffit  or  under-surface  of  an 
arch,  dome,  or  vault. 

INVERTED  ARCH.  An  arch  constructed  the 
reverse  of  upright,  or,  where  the  concavity 
is  below  the  centre. 

INVOLUTE.    A  geometrical  curve. 

IONIC  ORDER  OF  ARCHITECTURE.  The 
second  order  or  classification  of  ancient 
Greek  architecture.  The  name,  as  in  the 
Corinthian  order,  is  derived  from  the 
country  where  it  was  first  invented  or 
originated. 

IRON.  A  hard,  ductile  metal ;  equivalent,  28  ; 
symbol,  Fe  ;  specific  gravitv — cast,  7.2  ; 
wrought,  7  ;  fusing  point,  2.786°  F.  The 
ores  are  oxides  and  carbonates.  The  metal 
in  combination  with  oxygen  and  carbonic 
acid.  Iron  is  supposed  to  have  been  first 
discovered  and  used  B.  C.  1432. 


JACK  RIB. 


ISOSCELES  TRIANGLE. 


mo 


LAC 


IRON  LATH.    Lath  made  of  sheet  iron  and 

used  in  fire-proof  construction. 
IS  AGON  (Gr.)   A  geometrical  figure  of  equal 

angles. 

5leE  } (See  Aisle-} 

ISODOMUM  (Gr.)  Greek  stone-work.  (Same 
as  what  is  known  as  rock-face  work.) 

ISOMETRIC AL  PROJECTION.  A  system  of 
perspective  drawing. 

ISOSCELES  TRIANGLE.  A  triangle  with 
two  equal  sides. 

ITALIAN  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
architecture  practiced  by  the  Italians  during 
the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries, 
often  termed  the  Cinque-cento,  as  reaching 
its  greatest  perfection  A.  D.  1560. 

ITALIAN  ROOF.  A  term  used  to  designate  a 
hip-roof. 


JACK.    A  mechanical  device  for  lifting  great 
weights. 

JACK  ARCH.    A  false  arch  of  one  brick  only 

in  thickness. 
JACK  RAFTER  |  A  short  rafter  extending 
JACK  TIMBER  \     from  and  joining  to  the 

hip  rafter  forming  the  corner  framing  of  a 

hip  roof. 

JACK  RIB.    In  cove  or  groined  ceilings,  the 

rib  joined  to  the  hips  or  groins. 
JACK  TIMBER.    A  short,  stout  timber. 
JAMB      (Fr.)  i  The  sides  of  an  opening  in 
JAMB  POST    [    a  wall ;  the  finish  of  the 
JAMB  STONE  )  sides. 

JAMB  LINING.  The  finish  of  the  sides  of  jambs. 
JAWE  PIECE  )  (Same  as  a  brace  or  strut  in  a 
JAW  PIECE    J  roof.) 

JERKIN  HEAD.    The  peak  of  a  hip  roof ;  a 

half  gable  and  half  hip  roof. 
JETTIE  )  A  part  of  a  building  overhanging  or 
JETTY  ]  projecting. 

JIB  DOOR.  (Same  as  a  false  or  blind  door.) 
JIBLET  CHEEK.  (Same  as  Giblea  Cheque.) 
JOGGLE  )  In  framing  of  timbers,  a 

JOGGLE  JOINT  [  notched  joint  framed  so  as 
JOGGLE  TRUSS  )     to  prevent  one  piece  from 

pushing  past  the  other  by  compression  or 

weight. 

JOGGLE  BEAM  )  A  term  given  to  a  notched 
JOGGLE  PIECE  !  post  in  a  roof  truss,  as  a 
JOGGLE  POST  f  king  or  queen  post  is 
JOGGLE  WORK  J     notched  to  receive  the 

principal  rafter. 
JOINER.    A  carpenter  or  builder. 
JOINERY.    (Same  as  Carpentry.) 
JOINT.    The  line  of  union  in  any  mechanical 

operation;  the  line  of  meeting. 
JOIST.    Floor  beams  or  timbers. 
JOPY.    (Same  as  Jawe  Piece.) 
.TUBE.    A  gallery  or  rood  loft. 
JUFFERS.    Short  timbers  or  beams. 
JUMP.    A  break  or  rise  in  the  level  of  a  wall. 
JUT-OUT  )  A  term  applied  to  any  projec- 

JUTTING-OUT  J  tion  portion  of  a  building. 
JUT  WINDOW.  A  projecting  or  oriel  window. 
JYMEWE.    (Same  as  Hinge.) 


KAMPTULICON.    A  floor  covering  or  cloth. 
KEEL.    A  small  fillet. 
KEEP  [The  principal  tower  of  an 

KEEP  TOWER  j     ancient  castle. 
KERB.    (See  Curb-Plate.) 
KERF.    A  saw  cut,  used  in  joiners'  work. 
KERNEL.    A  battlement  or  embrasure. 
KEY.    A  pin,  generally  of  hard  wood,  used  in 

framing;  a  part  of  a  lock. 
KEY  OF  A  FLOOR.    The  last  board  laid. 
KEYHOLE.    The  opening  of  a  lock  for  receiv- 
ing the  key. 
KEYS.    Pieces  of  timber  framed  between  floor 
joists. 

KEYSTONE  f  The  last  and  central  stone  placed 
KEY  <j    in  an  arch;  a  wedge-shaped 

stone  placed  in  the  centre  of  an  arch  to 

counteract  the  crushing  pressure. 
KILLESSE.    A  gutter,  groove  or  channel. 
KILN.    A  building  or  construction  for  drying 

lumber,  burning  brick  and  lime. 
KING  POST  )  In  roof-framing,  the  cen- 

KING  POST  ROOF  \     tral  post  introduced  in 

a  truss  to  receive  the  upper  ends  of  the 

principal  rafters,  and  to  support  the  lower 

portions  of  the  truss. 
KING  TRUSS.    A  roof  truss  framed  with  a 

king  post. 

KIOSK.  A  Turkish  term  for  an  open  pavilion 
or  summer  house. 

KIRB-PLATE.    (See  Curb-Plate.) 

KIRB  ROOF.    (See  Curb  Roof.) 

KIRK.    A  Scottish  term  for  church. 

KITCHEN  (Welsh).  A  room  devoted  to  culi- 
nary purposes. 

KNEE.  In  hand  railing,  the  reverse  of  the 
ramp. 

KNEE  RAFTER  )  A  rafter  in  a  roof  truss  bent 
KNEE  PIECE     S     down  to  have  a  better 

hold  on  the  wall. 
KNOB  1 
KNOT 

KNOP      f  (Same  as  Boss.) 
KNOPPE  J 

KNOTTING.    In  painting,  the  act  of  covering 

knots  with  shellac. 
KNULLING.    (Same  as  Bead.) 
KYANIZING.    A  process  of  preserving  timber 

by  the  application  of  chemical  preparations 

invented  by  Kyan,  1832. 


LABEL  I A  drip    or  small 

LABEL  MOULDING  }    moulding  extend- 
ing around  and  over  the  head  of  a  Gothic 
opening,  door  or  window. 
LABYRINTH  FRET.    A  fret-work  with  many 
angles. 

L ACON ICUM.  An  apartment  in  a  Roman  bath. 

LACTARIUM.    A  dairy  building. 

LACUNAR  1 

LACUNARIS  I 

LACUNARIA  I  „ 

LACUNARS    f(Lat.)    (Same  as  Coffer.) 

LACUNAE 

LEQUER  J 


LAD 


LUG 


LADDER.  A  mechanical  contrivance  for  the 
purpose  of  ascending  to  any  height,  used 
in  building. 

LADY.    A  certain  sized  slate  for  roofing. 

LADY  CHAPEL.  A  term  given  to  a  chapel 
dedicated  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  and  gener- 
ally located  behind  the  high  altar  of  a 
cathedral. 

LAGGING.  Relating  to  the  wooden  centering 
of  an  arch. 

LAITANCE.  The  residue  or  wash  of  cement 
concrete. 

LAMINATED  ARCH.    An  arch  formed  of  tim- 
ber, bolted  and  framed  together. 
LANCET  ARCH       )  A  term  eriven  to  pointed 
LANCET  WINDOW  \    openings,  used  only  in 

early  Gothic  architecture. 
LANDING.    The  platform  in  the  centre  or  at 

the  head  of  a  flight  of  stairs. 
LANTERN    )  A  term  applied  to  the  small  ter- 
LANTERNE  )     mination  to  a  dome;  a  small 
cupola. 

LAP.  That  part  of  one  body  projecting  on  to 
another. 

LARARIUM.    A  Roman  chapel. 

LARMIER  (Fr.)   (Same  as  Corona.) 

LAT.    A  pillar. 

LATCH.    A  door  fastening. 

LATH.    A  thin  narrow  slip  of  wood  used  in 

plastering,  slating  and  tiling. 
LATH-BRICK.     An  English-made  brick,  6 

inches  wide  and  22  inches  long. 
LATTICE.     The  interlacing  and  crossing  of 

wood  or  metal  so  as  to  form  geometrical 

figures. 

LATTICE  GIRDER.     An  iron  girder  formed 

of  cross  bracing  and  rods. 
LATTICE  TRUSS.    A  truss  formed  of  cross 

bracing  and  diagonal  rods. 
LAUNDRY.    A  room  devoted  to  washing. 
LAURA.    A  monk's  cell  or  simple  habitation. 
LAVATORY.    A  cistern  or  vessel  containing 

water  used  for  washing. 
LAVER.    A  water  basin. 
LAYER.    (Same  as  Course.) 
LAYER  BOARDING.     Boards  used  as  gutter 

linings. 

LAZARETTO      )  A  term  used  to  designate  a 

LAZAR  HOUSE  j  hospital.  The  term  is  de- 
rived from  St.  Lazarus. 

LEAD,  SHEET.  A  thin  layer  of  lead  used  in 
plumbing-work. 

LEAF.    One  side  of  a  door  or  shutter. 

LEAN-TO.  A  small  building  with  a  shed-roof 
attached  to  a  larger  structure. 

LEAT.    A  water  conduit. 

LEAVES.    (Same  as  Blinds.) 

LECTERN  i 

LETTERN  \  ^  reading  desk  used  in  churches. 

LEDGE         j  A  projection  from  a  surface  of  a 

LEDGMENT  (  wall  or  building  to  carry  some 
additional  body. 

LEDGERS.    The  braces  of  a  scaffolding. 

LEGS  of  a  right-angled  triangle  are  the  per- 
pendicular sides. 


LEGS  of  a  hyperbola  are  the  two  parts  each 

side  of  the  vertex. 
LESCHE  (Gr.)  A  public  building  with  an  open 

court. 

LEVECEL.  A  projecting  roof  over  a  doorway. 
LEVER  BOARDS.    Horizontal  blinds  used  in 

belfries  to  admit  sound  and  exclude  the 

storm. 

LEVYS.    An  old  English  term  for  blinds. 

LIBRARY.  A  public  building  or  room  devoted 
to  the  keeping  and  use  of  books  and  litera- 
ture. 

LIERNE  RIB.    A  cross  rib,  in  vaulting. 
LIGHTS.    The  daylight  opening  in  sash.  A 

term  for  glass. 
LIGHT-HOUSE.    A  building  or  tower  erected 

for  exhibiting  a  marine  light. 
LIME.    A  product  formed  by  the  calcination 

of  marble  or  any  pure  limestone. 
LIMESTONE.      A  calcareous    formation  of 

earth. 

LINE.  A  geometrical  figure  extended  in  length 
only. 

LINEAR  PERSPECTIVE.  The  science  of  de- 
lineating a  building  or  object  so  as  to  pro- 
duce a  natural  effect. 

LINEN  PATTIRN.    A  diaper  panel. 

LINING.    An  internal  covering. 

LINTEL  (Fr.)  A  beam  timber  or  girder  of 
wood  or  metal  used  over  an  opening  in  a 
wall  to  support  weight. 

LISTEL  ) 

LIST      (  ^  narrow  projecting  edge;  a  Fillet. 

LISTING.    Cutting  the  sap  edge  from  boards. 

LOBBY  (Ger.)  A  hall,  rotunda,  entrance  or 
waiting  room. 

LOBE.    (Same  as  Foil  or  Trefoil .) 

LOCK  (Sax.)  A  mechanical  invention  or  in- 
strument used  to  fasten  doors. 

LOCKBAND.    (Same  as  Bond  Stone.) 

LOCKER.    A  small  cupboard. 

LOCK  RAIL.    The  central  rail  of  a  door. 

LOCKRAND.    A  course  of  bond  stone. 

LOCUS  (Lat.)    A  geometrical  line. 

LODGE.    A  small  dwelling. 

LOFT.    A  raised  balcony,  gallery  or  attic  room. 

LOGEUM.    A  part  of  a  Roman  theatre. 

LOGGIA.  A  passage,  entrance  or  gallery,  open 
on  one  side,  and  supported  by  a  colonnade 
or  arches. 

LOG-HOUSE.    A  house  constructed  of  trees. 
LOMBARDIC  ARCHITECTURE.    That  style 

praticed  in  Italy  from  the  seventh  to  the 

thirteenth  centuries. 
LONG  AND  SHORT  WORK.  Alternate  quoins 

on  the  corners  of  a  wall. 
LOOP,  OR  LOOP  HOLE.     A  small  narrow 

window  or  opening. 
LORIMER  ) 

LORYMER  I  Incorrect  terms  for  Larmier. 
LOUVRE.    (Same  as  Lantern.) 
LOUVRE  BOARDS.    (See  Lever  Boards.) 
LOZENGE  (Fr.)    A  quadrilateral  figure  or 
pattern. 

LUCARNE.    A  dormer  or  attic  window. 


LUF 


MIN 


LUFFER  BOARDS.    (Same  as  Lever  Boards.) 
'LUMI'.ER.    Sawed  timber,  dimension  scant- 
ling. 

LUMBER  KILN.    (See  Kiln.  ) 

LUNETTE  (Fr.)    Openings  in  a  cylindrical  or 

S[)lierical  ceiling  to  admit  light. 
LUTHERAN  (Lat.)  An  upper  or  attic  window, 

a  dormer. 

LYING   PANELS.     Those  constructed  with 

the  grain  of  wood  running  horizontally. 
LYSIS  (Gr.)    A  plinth  or  step. 


M 


ROOF.    A  double-gabled  roof. 


MACHICOLATIONS.  Openings  formed  in  the 
parapet  walls  of  ancient  castles  through 
which  missiles  were  discharged  upon  an 
enemy. 

MAENHIR  )  In  Celtic  masonry,  a  long  upright 
MENHIR    \  stone. 

MAGAZINE  (POWDER).     A  building  used 

for  the  storage  of  gunpowder. 
MAGNESIAN    LIMESTONE.     A  limestone 

impregnated  with  magnesia. 
MAIN  COUPLES.    (See  Couples.) 
MALEN  BRICK.    Brick  made  of  clay,' lime 

and  cinders. 
MAN-HOLE.  An  opening  in  a  sewer  or  basin. 
MANOR  HOUSE.    A  country  house. 
MANSARD    ROOF.     A  dome-like  curb,  or 

steep  hip-roof,  finished  as  an  attic  or  upper 

story.    It  derives  its  name  from  Francis 

Mansart.  the   eminent  French  architect, 

born  at  Paris,  1598. 
MANSE.   An  English  term  for  a  manor  house. 
MANSION.    A  term  generally  applied  to  an 

isolated  or  large  dwelling. 
MANTAPA.    A  Hindoo  term  for  porch. 
MANTEL  )  An  architectural  design  or 

MANTEL-PIECE  f  finish  around  a  fire-place. 
MANTEL-TREE  |  In  early  English  masonry,  a 
MANTLE-TREE  \     a  timber  extending  from 

one  jamb  of  a  fire-place  to  the  other,  as  a 

support  to  the  breast. 
MARBLE  (Fr.)    Calcareous  stone  of  a  compact 

granular  and  crystalline  texture.  There 

are  many  classes  and  varieties. 
MARGIN  (Lat.)    A  plain  surface  surrounding 

a  panel. 

MARGIN  DRAFT.    A  tooled  margin  on  the 

face  and  edge  of  a  stone. 
MARIGOLD  WINDOW.    (See  Catherine 

Wheel.) 

MARMORATUM  )  ,       „         .  .  ... 
MARMORETUM  \  A  wal1  cased  wlth  marble. 
MARQUETRY  (Fr.)    Inlaid-work  of  different 

woods  or  materials. 
MASK.    A  corbel  bearing  a  resemblance  to  a 

face. 

MASONRY.  The  art  of  constructing  wai'.o 
with  stone. 

MATTED  GLASS.     A  kind  of  ornamental 

glass  with  a  dull  surface. 
MAURESQUE.    Incorrect  term  for  Moresque. 

(See  Moresk.) 


MAUSOLEUM.  A  sepulchral  chapel,  edifice  en- 
tomb. Generally,  however,  the  term  is 
applied  to  a  large  and  elegant  structure 
used  for  the  reception  of  a  monument. 

MEANDAR.    A  fret  ornament. 

MEASURE  (Lat.)  In  geometry,  a  certain 
quantity,  or  unit,  to  which  the  ratio  of  any 
other  quantity  is  expressed ;  a  length, 
distance  or  extent. 

MEDALLION  (Fr.)  In  architecture,  a  tablet  of 
geometrical  outline  upon  which  is  carved 
or  embossed  any  ornamental  design. 

MEDIEVAL  ARCHITECTURE.  Those  styles 
of  architecture  which  where  practiced  by 
ancient  and  mediaeval  architects  from  the 
fall  of  the  Roman  empire  to  the  revival 
of  classic  art. 

MEDIANS  )  A  term  given  to  the  central  col- 

MEDIANOS  \     umns  of  a  classic  portico. 

MEGALITHIC.  A  term  given  to  Celtic  archi- 
tecture. 

MEMBER  (Fr.)  Any  portion,  moulding  or 
detail  of  an  architectural  design. 

MENHIR.    (See  Maenhir.) 

MENSA.    The  slab  or  top  of  an  altar. 

MENSURATION  (Lat.)  A  term  given  to  the 
science  of  measuring  and  estimating. 

MERLON.  The  solid  portions  of  a  battlement 
alternating  with  the  open  spaces  or  em- 
brasures. 

MEROS  (Gr.)    The  plain  central  space  of  the 

triglyph. 
MESAUL^E  )  ,n   ,  . 
MESAULE  f<Gr-)  passage. 

METAL-WORK.  A  term  applied  to  iron, 
brass,  or  any  architectural  work  made  of 
metal. 

METATOME  j  (Gr.)  The  space  between  den- 
METOCHE    J  tals. 

METOPA  )  (Gr.)  In  Doric  architecture,  the 
METOPE  f    square  piece  or  space  between 

■  the  triglyphs. 
METRE.    The  French  unit  of  length. 

SJf?/  ?n?nf  l<ItaL>  A  sma11  attic  wi°dow; 
MEZZANO     t    an  intermediate  story- 

MEZZO-RELIEVO  )  ,g  Bas-Relief  ) 

MIZZO-RELIEVO  j  (hame  cis  ms  Heliet-> 
MIDDLE  POST.    (Same  as  King  Post.) 
MIDDLE  QUARTERS  OF  A  COLUMN.  When 

the  plan  of  a  column  is  divided  into  four 

quadrants  on  an  angle  or  45  degrees,  the 

four  quarters  are  termed  middle  quarters. 
MIDDLE  RAIL.    (Same  as  Lock  Rail.) 
MILK  HOUSE.    (See  Dairy.) 
MINARET  /  (See  Alkorans.)  Slender  spirelike 
MINERET  ji     structures  that  form  a  striking 

feature  of  Turkish  buildings. 
MINDRA.    (Same  as  Cell.) 
MINION.    Cement  made  of  iron  ore  and  lime. 
MINSTER.    A  monasterial  church.    A  name 

often  applied  to  a  cathedral. 
MINSTREL  GALLERY.    In  ancient  English 

buildings  or  halls,  a  gallery  set  aside  for  the 

music. 

MINUTE  (Lat.)  A  term  used  to  denote  the 
sixHeth  part  or  division  of  a  Module. 


MIS 


NET 


MISCHIA.    (Same  as  Scagliola.) 

MISEREEE.  A  peculiar  hinged  seat  used  in 
aisles  of  churches. 

MITRE  )  The  joint  made  by  the  joining  to- 

MITRA  [•    gether  of  two  pieces  of  material 

MITER  )     on  an  angle. 

MITRE  ARCH.    A  triangular  arch. 

MITRE  DOVETAIL.  A  kind  of  dovetail 
showing  only  one  joint. 

MOAT  (Lat.)  A  trench  excavated  about  a  for- 
tification or  castle. 

MODEL  (Lat.)  The  first  conception  of  an  archi- 
tectural creation  designed  as  a  pattern  or 
example  for  future  operations. 

MODILLION  (Fr.)  A  small  ornamental 
bracket,  consol  or  support  for  a  cornice. 
Generally  the  term  applied  to  the 
Corinthian  and  Roman  orders. 

MODINATURE.  The  general  arrangement  of 
architectural  details  or  mouldings. 

MODULAR  PROPORTION.  Relating  to  the 
use  and  application  of  the  Module  and  its 
divisions. 

MODULE  (Lat.)  In  classic  architecture,  a 
measure  of  distance  based  upon  the 
diameter  or  semi-diameter  of  a  classic 
column,  which  is  divided  into  equal  parts 
or  minutes,  thus  forming  a  scale  of  pro- 
portional measurement  for  tn*.  entire 
structure. 

MOLDING.    (See  Moulding.) 

MOLE  (Sax.)  A  sea  wall  or  foundation  laid  in 
water;  a  pier;  a  Roman  mausoleum. 

MONASTERY.    (See  Convent.) 

MONIAL.    Same  as  (Mullion.) 

MONKEY.    The  hammer  of  a  pile-driver. 

MONOCHROME.  A  system  of  fresco  painting 
in  one  color. 

MONOLITH.  A  large,  single  or  colossal  stone. 

MONOPTERAL  )  (Gr.)    A  circular  building  or 

MONOPTERON  [    dome  supported  by  a  col- 

MONOPTRAL    )  onnade. 

MONQSTYLE  (Fr.)  (Same  meaning  as  Mono- 
lith.) 

MONOTRIGLYPH  )  Relating  to  the  spacing  of 

MONOTRIGLYH  \  triglyphs ;  as,  for  in- 
stance, one  between  two  columns. 

MONTANT.    (See  Mullion.) 

MONUMENT  (Lat.)  A  memorial  structure 
erected  to  commemorate  an  important 
event,  or  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
some  eminent  person. 

MOORISH  ARCHITECTURE  ) 

MORESQUE  ARCHITECTURE  \ 


(See  Moresk.) 


MOOT  HALL.    A  town  hall  or  public  place 

of  resort. 
MOP  BOARD.    A  base  board. 
MORESK         i  (Same  as  Moorish,  and  relat- 
MORESQUE     [    ing  to  the  architecture  of  the 
MAURESQUE)     Moors.  Same  as  Arabesque.) 
MORTAR  (Dutch.)    A  composition  of  lime, 

sand  and  water  used  in  masonry. 
MORTISE  )  (Fr.)    In  carpentry,  a  hollow  or 
MORTICE  \     cavity  cut  in  a  timber  or  piece 
of  framing  lumber  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
ceiving a  tenon. 


The  perpendicular  or  horizontal 
division  between  sash  or  glass. 


MORTISE  LOCK  /  A  door  lock  made  to  fit 

MORTICE  LOCK  \     into  a  mortise. 

MORTUARY.    A  tomb  or  burial  place. 

MOSAIC  (Lat.)  A  collection  of  minerals, 
woods,  etc. ,  inlaid  so  as  to  form  geometri- 
cal or  other  designs  in  gradation  of  colors. 

MOSQUE.  A  Mohammedan  temple  or  place  of 
worship. 

MOULD  (Cornice).    A  tool  used  by  plasterers 

for  running  cornices. 
MOULDINGS.   Architectural  details,  generally 

of  a  concave,  convex,  prismatic  or  combined 

form  or  surface. 
MULLION  ] 
MUNNION 
MUNTIN 
MONION 
MONYAL  J 

MULTIFOIL.    Relating  to  a  number  of  foils. 

MUNIMENT  HOUSE.  A  room  or  apartment 
in  a  cathedral  or  public  building  for  the 
safe  keeping  of  archives  and  valuables. 

MURAL  (Lat.)  Any  architectural  design  or 
decoration  attached  to  the  face  of  a  wall. 

MUSEUM  (Gr.)  A  building  erected  and  dedi- 
cated to  the  exhibition  or  preservation  of 
scientific  or  natural  curiosities  or  works  of 
art. 

MUSHREBEYEH.  An  Arabic  balcony,  gen 
erally  enclosed  with  lattice  work  or  a 
screen. 

MUSJID.    The  Arabic  term  for  mosque. 

MUTILATED  CORNICE      )  One  that  is  open, 

MUTILATED  PEDIMENT  \  broken  or  dis- 
continued, occurring  in  classic  art. 

MUTULE  (Fr.)  A  projecting,  modillion-like 
form  or  ornament  used  in  the  Doric  order. 

MYNCHERY.    (Same  as  Convent,) 


NAILS  (Sax.)    A  metallic  invention    used  in 
building. 

NAIL-HEAD  MOULDING.  A  moulding  used 
in  Norman  architecture,  characteristic  of  a 
surface  studded  with  nails- 

NAOS.    (Same  as  Nave. ) 

NARTHEX.    An  enclosed  space  in  a  church. 

The  vestibule  of  a  church. 
NATTES.    A  moulding  or  surface  in  imitation 

of  straw-plaiting  or  matting. 
NATURAL  BED.    A  term  used  to  designate 

the  horizontal  or  quarry  bed  of  stratified 

stone. 

NAVE  (Sax.)  The  central  body  of  a  church. 
(See  Aisle.) 

NEBULE  HLat.)  A  Saxon  orna- 

NEBULE  MOULDING  J    ment  in  the  zig-zag 
form,  used  principally  in  the  archivolts  of 
doors  and  windows. 
NECK  MOULD  )  The  smooth  space  at 

NECK  OF  A  COLUMN  \    the  top  of  a  classic 
column,  between  the  astragal  and  anulets. 
NEEDLE    A  horizontal  timber  used  as  a  sup- 
port. 

NERVES       )  (Fr.)   In  groined  ceilings,  the 
NERVURES  f    mouldings  of  the  ribs,  ^partic- 
ularly in  the  flamboyant  style. 
NET   MASONRY.    Stone-work  in  diamond 
pattern. 


o  <; 


NEW 


osc 


NEWEL)  The  post  at  the  starting  of  the 
NEUL     (     rail  or  the  central  post  or  column 

around  which  a  circular  stairway  is  built. 
NICHE  (Ital.)   A  hollow  place  or  cavity,  gen 

erally  in  a  wall  used  for  the  reception  of  a 

statue,  vase,  etc. 
NICHED  COLUMN.    One  supporting  the  base 

of  a  niche,  or  forming  a  part  of  one, 

NOGS.    Wooden   blocks  built  into  walls  to 

which  to  secure  the  finishing  work. 
HOGGING  (Brick.)    Brick  work  filled   in  or 

built  between  studding;  a  wooden  brick. 
NOGGING   PIECES.    Bond  timbers  hud  in 

brick  work,  secured  at  the  end  to  the  si  ml 

ding. 

NONAGON  (Gr.)  In  geometry  a  figure  of  nine 
sides  and  angles. 

NORMAN  ARCHITECTURE.  A  certain  clas- 
sification of  the  Romanesque  style,  as 
adapted  by  the  early  English  architects. 
In  its  first  "stages  the  principal  characteris- 
tics were  plain,  massive  piers  and  walls,  cir- 
cular openings,  and  few  mouldings.  In  the 
later  stages  of  the  style  the  details  became 
lighter  and  more  ornate.  The  Norman  arch 
was  either  round,  semi-circular  or  of  a  horse 
shoe  form,  the  capitals  of  pillars  and  col 
umns  being  devoid  of  ornamentation.  The 
doorways  were  dec  ]),  recessed  with  moulded 
jambs  and  archivolts.  The  zig-zag  mould- 
ing was  one  of  the  principal  marking  feat- 
ures of  the  style.  Spires  and  pinnacles  are 
rare  in  this  style,  square  and  massive 
towers  predominating.  The  period  cover- 
ing the  practice  of  this  style  from  its  incep- 
tion to  its  final  transition  into  the  Early 
English  style,  may  be  dated  from  A.  D.  1066 
to  1189.  comprising  the  reigns  of  William  I.. 
William  II.,  Henry  I..  Stephen,  Henry  II., 
and  Richard  I.,  of  England. 

NOSINGS  )  The  projecting  mouldings  of  a  step 

NOSING    \    in  stair  building. 

NOTCH-BOARD.    (See  Carriage  of  a  stair.) 

NOTCHING  }  A  term  used  in  framing  to  denote 

NOTCHED  j  the  act.  of  lilting  one  piece  into 
another. 

NUCLEUS  (Lat.)  The  base  of  ancient  cement 
flooring. 

NURAGHE.  The  remains  of  ancient  Phoeni- 
cian buildings. 


roh  v  r  C  u  p  ii  I  if i  ra>, 
used  in  building; 
as  white,  red  and 


OAK  (Sax.)  From  Qi 
a  well-known  wood 
there  are  several  va 
black. 

OBELISK  (Lat.)   A  general  appellation  given 

to  a  quadrangular  shaft  of  stone,  raised  as 

a  monument. 
OBLIQUE  ARCHES.    Those  constructed  on 

an  angle;  obliquely. 
OBLONG.    A  rectangle  of  unequal  dimensions. 
OBTUSE  (Lat.)    Anything  blunt. 
OBTUSE  ANGLED' TRIANGLE.    One  with 

an  obtuse  outline. 
OBTUSE  ARCH.    A  flat  or  drop  arch. 
OCTAGON  (Gr  )  )  A  geometrical  figure  of  eight 
OCTOGON  f    sides  and  angles. 


OCTAHEDRON  (Gr.)  )  A  geometrical  figure  of 
OCT^EDRON  C    eight  equal  and  eight 

equilateral  triangles. 
OCTASTYLE         j  An    order   consisting  of 
OCTOSTYLE  (Gr.)  \    eight  columns.  (Classic.) 
OCULUS.    A  round  window. 
ODEUM  (Lat.)  /  A  rehearsal  room  in  a  theatre. 
ODEON  f    A  music  room  or  building. 

OZCUS(Gr.)    An  apartment  attached  to  a  din 

ing-room. 

OFFICES.    Business  rooms  in  public  buildings 

In  extensive  dwellings,  the  rooms  allotted 

to  the  servants. 
OFFSET.    A  term  applied  to  any  portion  of  a 

building  or  wall   receding  from  a  certain 

face,  as  a  buttress,  caps,  etc. 
OGEE     i  A  moulding  of  the  same  outline  as 
O.  G.      -  Cymatium. 
OGYVE \ 

An  arch  partaking ol  0  G.  form. 
French  term    designating  the 


•ircular  openings  in 
walls  of  ancient  castles, 
through  which  missiles  were 


OGEE  ARCH 
OGIVAL.  A 
Gothic. 

OGIVES  (Fr. )    The  diagonal  arches  of  a  vaulted 

or  groined  ceiling. 
OILLETS  (Fr.) )  Small 
OILLETTES  [ 
01  LETS  \ 

discharged. 

OP/E  (Gr.)    The  clear  distance  between  joists. 

OPENING  (Sax.)   (See  Aperture.) 

OPERA  HOUSE.    A  building  erected  for  the 
purposes  of  performing  operas 

OPISTHODOMOS  ((Jr. )  /  An  enclosed  orwalled 

OPISTHODOMUS         }     space  behind  a  clas- 
sic temple. 

OPUS.    (See  Net  Masonry.) 

ORANGERY.    A  building  devoted  to  the  cul- 
ture of  oranges. 

ORATORY  (Lat.)    A  small  chapel  or  building 
used  for  the  purpose  of  prayer.  (Roman.) 

ORB  (Lat.)   (Same  as  Boss.)   A  blank  window 
or  panel. 

ORCHESTRA.    A  spi 
set  apart  for  (he  oi 

ORDER  (Lat.)    A  tern 
tain  classification 


re  in  mo< 
hestra  or  musicia 
used  to  designate 
i>r  arrangement  i 


theatres 


the 

letails  and  parts  of  a  distinct  period 


(Same  .is  Order.) 


sever; 

of  arc 
ORDINANCE  (Fr.)  ) 
ORDONNANCE  \ 
ORDINATES.    Certain  line 

point  in  the  direction 

initiation. 

ORIEL  )(Etym.  not   known.)  A 

ORIEL  WINDOW  -  projecting  or  overhang 
ORIOLE  \    ing  architectural  con 

struction  of  any  external  form,  divided  into 

several  windows  or  openings. 
ORLE  (Ital.)    A  border  or  fillet.  The 

under  the  ovolo  of  a  capital. 
ORNAMENTS  (Lat.)   Architectural  decoration 

or  embellishment. 
ORTHOGONAL.    (Same  as  Rectangle.) 
ORTHOGRAPHY  (Gr  )     In  architecture  the 

delineation  of  a  front  elevation  or  facade. 
ORTHOSTYLE.    The  arrangement  of  columns 

in  a  straight  line. 
OSCULATING  CIRCLE.  -In  geometry  a  circle 

of  curvature. 


drawn  from  any 
f  any  certain  ter- 


square 


PARGE  WORK. 


OUN 


PEC 


OUNDY  MOULDING.  A  moulding  of  a  wavy 
outline. 

OUT-AND  IN  BOND.  Quoius  used  alternately 
on  corners. 

OUTFALL  /  Tlie  mouth  or  termination  of  a 

OUTLET    \    drain  or  pipe. 

OVA  (Lat.)    Relating  to  the  egg  ornament  of 

the  Echenus.  which  see. 
OVAL  (  Lat. )    A  figure  in  geometry,  consisting 

of  an  endless  line;  egg-shaped. 

SvIrStORy"}    (Same  as  clear-story.) 

OVOLO  (Lat.)  A  convex  or  half-round  mould- 
ing used  in  Roman  work. 

OUT  OF  WINDING.  A  term  used  to  convey 
the  fact  of  a  flat  straight  surface,  not  crooked 
or  winding. 

OUT  TO  OUT.    Distance  from   one  extreme 

to  another. 
OUTWARD  ANGLE.    A  salient  angle. 
OXYGON  (Gr.)    An  acute-angled  triangle. 


PACE.    (Same  as  Dais.) 
PACKING.    Small  stones  bedded  in  mortal 
and  used  to  till  the  interstices  of  stone 
work. 

PAGET.    (See  Parget. ) 

PAGOI)    /  A  tall  pyramidal  construction  ot 

PAGODA  f    the  Chinese. 

PAILLASSE.    (Same  as  Nattes.) 

PAINT.    A  pigment  of  many  colors  and  shades. 

PAINTER,  An  artisan  who  practices  the  art 
of  colors,  combined  with  a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  their  uses. 

PAIR.  In  architecture  a  term  denoting  two  of 
a  kind. 

PALACE  (Lat.)  A  term  generally  used  to  de 
note  a  large  dwelling  or  edifice;  a  royal 
residence. 

PALAESTRA  (Or.)  Part  of  a  Grecian  gymna- 
sium. 

PALISADES.    An  enclosure  or  strong  fence. 

PALM.  An  ancient  unit  of  measurement,  de- 
rived from  the  breadth  of  the  hand  or  four 
inches. 

PALLADIAX.  Referring  to  an  Italian  school 
of  architecture  originated  by  Palladio. 

PAMPRE  (Fr. )  An  ornamental  carving  of  vine 
leaves. 

PAN.  The  square  framing  of  English  half-tim 
beied  houses. 

PANCARPI  (Gr.)  Garlands  and  carvings  of 
fruits,  flowers,  etc. 

PANE.  A  surface  figure,  as  a  square,  octagon, 
rectangle,  etc.,  as  a  pane  of  glass. 

PANEL  (Fr.)  A  sunken  surface  of  any  form 
surrounded  by  a  raised  or  moulded  border. 

PANNIER.    (Same  as  Corbel.) 

PANTILE.    A  curved  roof  tile. 

PANTRY.  A  room  in  modern  houses  gener- 
ally devoted  to  culinary  uses. 


PARABOLA  (G 


line. 


A  curved  geometri 
PARABOLIC  ASYMPTOTE   )  G  e  o  m  e  t  r  i  c  a  1 
PARABOLIC  CURVE  I  problems 

PARABOLIC  SPIRAL  I     based  upon. 

PARABOLIC  PARABOLOID  J     or  connected 
with  the  parabola. 


PARACLOSE  (  A  wooden  screen  used  in  cathe- 

PARCLOSB  \  drals  to  separate  side  chapels 
from  the  body  of  the  church. 

PARALLEL  COPING.  Roof  coping  laid  par- 
allel with  the  quarry  bed. 

PARALLELOGRAM  (Gr.)  A  four-sided  recti- 
lineal figure  whose  sides  are  parallel. 

PARALLELOPIPED.    A  geometrical  figure. 

PARAMETER  (Gr.)    A  conic  section. 

PARAPET  (Lat.)    A  low  wall  or  protection. 

PARASCENIUM  (Gr.)  The  back  part  of  an 
ancient  Roman  theatre. 

PARASTAT^l  I    ,s  . 

PARASTATA  \    (bame  as  Antfe- 

PARGET        )  The  act  of  plastering  or  finish- 

PARGETING  -    ing  the  flue  of  a  chimney 

PARGED       )     with  mortar. 

PARGE-BOARD.    (Same  as  Barge-Board. ) 

PARGE  WORK.  Ornamental  plastering  or 
patterns  used  in  decorating  walls. 

PARLOUR  (Fr.)  >  A  term  given  to  the  principal 

PARLOR  f     apartment    of    a  modern 

house. 

PARODOS  (Gr.)    Relating  to  the  scenery  of  a 

Roman  theatre. 
PARPEYX.    A   pier   or  buttress  projecting 

from  a  wall. 
PARQUETRY.    Inlaid  work,  relating  to  floors. 
PARQUETTE  (Fr.)    The  central  portion  of  a 

modern  theatre  ;  the  lower  Moor. 
PARSONAGE.    The  residence  of  a  minister  of 

the  church. 

PARTHENON.    A  celebrated  temple  of  an- 
cient Athens. 
PARTING  BEAD  f  A    small    bead    or  strip 
PARTING  STRIP  f    grooved  into  tin;  pulley 
stile  of  a  window  frame,  separating  the 
sash. 

PARTITION  (Lat.)    In  architecture,  a  division 

PARTY  WALL.  A  wall  generally  erected  be- 
tween two  separate  buildings  and  centered 
upon  the  dividing  line  of  two  lots  of  ground. 

PARVIS    )  The  main  entrance  to  a  church  ;  a 

PARVISE  \     porch  or  portico 

PARVIS  TURRET.  A  small  tower  or  turret 
inclosing  a  stairway  leading  to  the 
Parvis. 

PASSAGE.  A  communication  or  hall  between 
rooms. 

PASTOPH()RIA(Gr.)  An  apartment  in  a  Gre- 
cian temple. 

PATBAND.  The  bottom  plate  of  a  partition 
or  screen. 

PATE.    In  fortifications  a  circular  platform 

surrounded  by  a  wall. 
PATERA  (Lat.)     A  shallow  circular  Roman 

vessel  used  in  sacrifices. 
PATERNOSTERS.    A  species   of  ornament 

formed  by  beads,  ovals,  baguetts,  etc 
PAVEMENT  (Lat.)    A  street,  tl  \  or  walk. 

of  stone,  brick,  etc. 
PAVILION  (Fr.)    A  building  usually  insu- 
lated and  contained  under  a  single  roof 
PAVILION  ROOF.    A  term  often  applied  to  a 

hip  roof,  springing  from  an  octagon  or  cir 

cular  plan. 

PAX.    A  tablet  or  panel  decorated  with  some 

Christian  symbol. 
PECKIMGS.    Soft  brick  ;  common  brick. 


PIER 


PILASTER 


PEC 


PIT 


PECKY.  Timber  showing  the  first  stages  of 
decay. 

PEDESTAL.    The  base  or  lowermost  portion 

of  an  order  of  architecture. 
PEDIMENT.   Toe  gable  or  triangular  portion 

of  a  classic  cornice. 
PEDIMENT  ARCH.    (Same  as  Mitre  Arch.) 
PELASGIAC  (Relating-   to  Cyclopean  struc- 
PELASGIAN  f  tures. 

PELL  TOWER.  (Same  meaning  as  Donjon.) 
PELLET  MOULDING.    A  Norman  moulding 

consisting  of  a  Hat  band,  ornamented  with 

Hat  circular  disks. 
PEND.    A  vaulted  roof  without  groining. 
PENDANT  POST.    A  short  post  resting  on  a 

corbel  of  a.  gothic  roof,  forming  tbe  start- 
ing of  the  truss. 
PENDENT  (Lat.)   An  ornamental,  carved  or 

turned  drop. 
PENDENTIVE  VAULT  )  Terms  used 

PENDENTIVE  BRACKETING  -  to  express 
PENDENTIVE  CRADLING       \  various 

forms  of  constructive  processes  employed 

in  building  vaulted  ceilings. 
PENITENTIARY.    A  place  of  confinement  for 

criminals. 

PENTACLE.    A  geometrical  figure,  the  base  of 

which  is  a  double  triangle. 
PENTADORON  (Gr.)    An  ancient  brick  five 

palms  long. 

PENTAGON  (Gr.)  A  geometrical  figure  of  five 
sides  and  angles. 

PENTAGRAPH  )  An  instrument  used  to  copy 

PENTOGRAPH  J  drawings. 

PENTALPIIA.  Ageometrical  figure  taking  the 
form  of  a  five  pointed  star. 

PENTASTYLE.  A  classic  portico  of  five  col- 
umns. 

PENTRALE  (Lat.)    The  most  sacred  portion 

of  a  Roman  temple. 
PENTRALI A  ( Lat.  J    A  small  Roman  chapel. 

PENTROOP    I  A  roof  with  a  slope  on  one 
PENTHOUSE  C    side  only  ;  a  lean-to. 
PERBEND.    A  header  in  masonry. 
PERCH.    A  measure  for  brick  or  itone  work. 

In  England   it  equals  15}  cube   feet.  In 

United  States  24}  cube  feet. 
PERCLOSE.    (See  Paraclose.) 

PLRGETINg"  t  (Same  as  Parget.) 
PERIBOLUS  (Gr.)  A  Roman  court. 
PERIDROME  (Gr. )     In   ancient  architecture 

the  space    between    the  columns   of  the 

portico  and  walls  of  cell. 
PERIMETER  (Gr.)    In  geometry  the  boundary 

of  a  figure. 

PERIPHERY   (Gr.)    The  circumference  of  a 

circle  or  any  curvilinear  figure. 
PERIPTERE  (Gr.)    An  ancient  building  sur- 
rounded with  insulated  columns. 
PERIPTERAL  (Gr.)    (Much  the  same  meaning 

as  Periptere.) 
PERISTYLIUM)   (Gr.)    In    ancient  Roman 
PERISTYLE      -    and  Greek  architecture  an 
PERISTYLON   )     open  court  surrounded  by  a 

colonnade. 
PERITHERIDES  )  la  ,  , 

PERETHYRIDES  HSame  asAacon-) 


uprigj 


stone  use 


PERPEN  ASHLAR.    (Same  as  Ashlar.) 

PERPENDICULAR  PERIOD.  The  last  stage 
of  English  Gothic  architecture.  The  term 
isderived  from  the  predominance  of  vertical 
lines  employed.  This  style  gradually  de- 
veloped from  the  Decorated  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  Fourteenth  century  and 
flourished  until  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth. 

PERPEND  STON  E  )  (Same  as  Binders.)  sr.. no 

PERPENT-STONE  -    reaching  through  a 

PERPENDER.        )  wall. 

PERPEYN  WALL.  A  pier  or  buttress  pro- 
jecting from  a  wall. 

PERRON.    An  outside  stairway. 

PERSIAN  ARCHITECTURE  )  That  ancien  t 

PERSEPOLITAN    "  \    style  of  arch- 

itecture practiced  by  the  Persians. 

PERSIANS  )  ,a  ,,,„  .  > 

PIRSIC  [(SameasAtlantes.) 

PEST-HOUSE.    A  building  devoted  i..  the 
I        treatment  of  infectious  diseases. 
PEULVAN.  A 
Celtic  masoni 
PEW  i 

PUP  (A    •)   A. seat  in  a  church  building. 

PHAROS  )  A  lighthouse.    The  term  isderived 
PIIARE    C     from  a  celebrated  lighthouse  of 
Alexandria. 

PIIEASANTRY.    A  building  devoted  to  the 

PHONICS.    The  science  of  sound. 
PIAZZA  ) 
PEACHE f 

PUTS    WALL.      A    celebrated    Roman  wall 

built  in  England. 
PIEDROIT  (Fr.)   A  partially  engaged  pilaster 

PIENI).    A  square  corner,  an  angle,  a  hip. 
PIEND  CHECK.    The  rebate  formed  on  the 

bottom  of  a  riser  of  a  step. 
PIER  (Fr.)   A  solid  wall  between  openings. 

The  wall  space  between  doors  or  windows. 

(Same  as  Impost,  a  Pilaster.  I 
PIER  ARCH.    Anarch  springing  from  a  pier. 
PILA.    (See  Pile.) 

PILASTER.  A  square  pier  or  column  gradually 
projecting  about  a  fourth  of  its  width. 

PILE  (Lat.)  A  timber  driven  into  the  earth  for 
support  of  a  foundation  or  wall. 

PILLAGE.  A  term  sometimes  used  Undesignate 
a  pilaster. 

PILLAR  (Lat.)  A  term  used  to  indicate  a 
column  of  any  form  or  proportion,  not 
classic. 

PIN.    A  mechanical  invention  or  device  for 

securing  framing  timbers. 
PINACOTHECA  (Gr.)   A  picture  gallery. 
PINNACLE  (  Lat.  I     A   point,   the  crowning 

apex  of  any  architectural  Creation. 
PIN  I'P.    To  wedge  up.  to  fasten  with  a  pin. 
PIPE.   Generally  a  water  conduit. 
PISCINA  (Lat.)    A  water  font  or  vessel  used 

in  Christian  churches. 
PISE.    A  certain  kind  of  wall  built  of  earth  or 


h  and  open  court,  or  SOU  are 


PIT,  OF  A  THEATRE 
PITCH.  Atermnse.lt 
roof  or  the  incline  < 


(Sai 
indi< 
any 


is  Parquette. ) 
the  slant  of  a 


PORTICO 
PORTICUS 


PIT 


POT 


PITCH  OF  AN  ARCH.  The  versed  sine  or 
height  from  spring  line  to  intrados. 

PITCHED  "WORK.  A  kiud  of  rough  or  ran- 
dom stone  masonry. 

PITCHING  PIECE.  The  bottom  part  of  a  flight 
of  stairs. 

PLACARD.  The  interior  finish  or  head  casing 
of  a  door. 

PLACE  BRICK.    Common  brick,  soft  brick. 
PLAFOND    )(Fr.)    The  ceiling  of  a  room. 
PLATF,OND  I     (Same  as  Soffit.) 
PLAIN  TILE  |  Roof  tile  whose  surfaces  are 
PLANE  TILE  )  smooth. 

PLAN  (Lat.)  The  representation  or  drawing  of 

a  building,  or  an  arrangement  of  the  rooms 

and  apartments. 
PLANCHER  /  The  under  surface  of  a  cornice. 
PLANCEER  f    (Same  as  Soffit.) 
PLANE  (Lat.)    A  flat,  even  surface. 
PLANE  GEOMETRICAL^  Terms  used  in  dem" 
PLANE  HORIZONTAL    |     onstrating  the 
PLANE  INCLINED         i    science    of  per- 
PLANE  OBJECTIVE       |     spective  draw- 
PLANE  PERSPECTIVE  J  ing. 
PLANIMETRY.     That  branch   of  geometry 

relating  to  lines  and  surfaces. 
PLANK.    A  name  generally  applied  to  timber 

from  2  to  4  inches  thick  and  from  4  to  V2 

inches  wide. 
PLANK  ROOF  )  A  roof  framing  formed  of 
PLANK  TRUSS  J  plank. 

PLANTED.    A  moulding  or  piece  of  joiners' 

work  attached  to  another,  as  planted  on. 
PLANTING.    Denoting  the  laying  of  the  first 

course  of  stone  in  a  foundation. 
PLASTER.    A  mixture  of  lime,  sand,  hair  and 

water.  A  preparation  of  ground  gypsum. 
PLASTERER.     An   artisan   who    works  in 

plaster. 

PLASTER  OF  PARIS.  A  ground  preparation 
of  gypsum  or  alabaster.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  fact  of  its  first  being  pro- 
cured at  Mont  Martre.  near  Paris,  France. 

PLAT.    (Same  as  Plan.) 

PLATBAND.    Any  flat  band  or  moulding  as  a 

facia  or  fillet. 
PLATE.    A  flat  timber  or  beam  used  in  con- 
structive carpentry. 
PLATE  GLASS.    The  best  quality  of  window 

glass,  generally  heavy,  thick,  and  polished. 

Made  of  silica  78  parts,  potash  2,  soda  19, 

lime  5,  alumina  2. 
PLATE  TRACERY    A  simple  form  of  Gothic 

tracery  used  in  early  English  work. 
PLATFOND     (See  Plafond.) 
PLATFORM     The  raised  portion  of  a  floor,  a 

dais. 

PLINTH  (Gr.)  The  lower  block  of  a  pilaster 
or  column     The  base  of  any  portion. 

PLOUGHED j  .  '  . 

pi  q™.  f  A  continuous  groove  in  a  piece 

PLOUGH       f     of  joiner  s  work 

PLUGS  Wood  pins  or  wedges  driven  into 
masonry  to  secure  wood  finishing  to. 

PLUMBER  An  artificer  who  works  in  lead 
and  hydraulics. 

PLUMBING  The  art  of  working  in  lead  and 
hydraulic  apparatus 

PLUTEUS    (Same  as  Podium.) 


POCKET.    A  recess  or  box  forming  part  of  a 

window  frame  or  sliding  door. 
PODIUM  (Lat.)    A  sort  of  continuous  base  or 

pedestal  or  railing. 
POINT  (Lat.)     That  which  has  no  size  or 

dimension  (geometry);  the  end  of  any  object 
POINT  ACCIDENTAL  j 

POINT  OF  DISTANCE  !  Terms   used   in  per- 
POINT  OBJECTIVE      f    spective  drawing. 
POINT  OF  SIGHT  J 
POINT  A  L.    (See  King-post.) 
POINTED  ARCH.    An  early  English  (Gothic) 
arch. 

POINTED  ARCHITECTURE.  A  general  term 
for  Gothic. 

POINTING.  The  act  of  filling  the  joints  of 
brick  or  stone  work,  or  planting  on  a  false 
joint,  using  a  superior  kind  of  mortar  or 
cement  for  the  work. 

POINTS.  Triangular  tin  points  used  in  glazing. 
POLE  PLATE,    A  purlin  secured  at  the  lower 

ends  of  a  set  of  roof  trusses  to  carry  the 

foot  of  rafters. 

POLYCHROMY.     A  term  synonymous  with 

fresco  painting. 
POLYFOIL.    An  ornament  common  in  Gothic 

tracery,   formed    by   the    intersection  of 

several  segments  or  "circles. 
POLYGON  (Gr.)    A  geometrical  figure  whose 

perimeter  consists  of  more  than  four  sides 

and  angles. 

POLYGRAM  (Gr.)  A  geometrical  figure  of 
many  lines. 

POLYHEDRON  /  A  solid  geometrical  figure 
POLYHEDRON  >     contained    under  several 

sides  or  planes. 
POLYSTYLE  (Gr.)    A  building  having  many 

columns  (classic.) 
POM  EL  (Lat.)    A  pinnacle. 
POPPY  HEAD  j  T   n  „  . 

POPPIE  II F  \D  Gothic  work  the  o  in  anient - 
POPPIES         \    al  termination  of  pew  ends. 

PORCH    (Fr.)    Much  the   same   meaning  as 

Portico,  which  see. 
PORT  AIL  (Fr.)    The  facade  of  a  building,  a 

gateway. 

PORTAL  (Lat.)  A  gateway,  doorway  or  en- 
trance.   The  square  corner  of  a  room. 

PORTCULLIS  (Fr.)  A  strong  screen  or  frame 
work  to  an  ancient  gateway. 

PORTICO    1  (Span..   A  covered  colonnade,  an 

PORTICUS  \  entrance. 

PORTLAND  CEMENT.    A  quick  setting  lime, 

made  of  clay  and  limestone. 
POST  (Fr  )    An  upright  support,  a  timber  in  a 

roof  truss,  as  King  or  Queen  post.  etc. 
POSTERN     A  rear  or  side  doorway,  a  small 

gateway. 

POSTICUM.    (Same  as  Postern.)   The  rear  part 

or  wall  of  a  classic  temple. 
POSTIQUE  (Lat.)    In  sculpture  a  superadded 

ornament. 

POST-SCENIUM  )  (Lat.)  A  dressing  room  or 
PA R ASCEN I U M  \    place  at  the  rear  end  of  a 

Roman  theatre. 
POT  METAL.    A  certain  kind  of  stained  glass 

in  which  the  colors  are  incorporated  while 

in  a  state  of  fusion. 


POU 

POULTRY  HOUSE.     A  building  devoted  to 

the  care  and  shelter  of  poultry. 
POYNTELL.     A    pavement    composed  of 

diamond-shaped  tiles  or  diagonal  tiles. 
POZZOLANA       ]  Volcanic  matter  from  the 


POZZUOLANA  | 
PUZZUOLANA  ( 
Pl'ZZOLANA  J 


district  around  Pozzuoii, 
Italy,  which  when  ground 
and' mixed  with  lime  and 
and  strong  setting 


water  forms   a  hard 
cement. 

PRjECINCTIO,  /  (Lat.)    A  seat  or  bench  in 

or  BALTEUS    J     ancient  theatres. 
PKECEPTORY     /  A  building  devoted  to  the 
PRECEPTORIES  j     uses  of  ancient  Knights 
Templar. 

PRESBYTERY.    The  choir  of  a  cathedral. 

PRICKING  UP  COAT.  The  first  coat  of 
plastering. 

PRICK-POST.    (Same  as  Queen-post.) 

PRIMING.    The  first  coat  of  paint. 

PRINCIPAL.    Generally  a  truss  rafter. 

PRINCIPAL  BRACE.  In  roof  framing  the 
main  brace  under  the  principal  rafter. 

PRINCIPAL  RAFTER.  The  main  rafter  form- 
in";'  the  upper  part  of  a  roof  truss. 

PRIORY.    A  monastery. 

PRISM.    A  geometrical  figure. 

PRISMOID.    A  geometrical  figure. 

PRISON.    (See  Penitentiary.) 

PRODOMUS.    The  cell  of  an  ancient  temple. 

PROFILE.    The  outline  or  contour  of  a  body. 

PROJECTION.  The  art  of  representing  a 
body  on  a  plane  by  lines. 

PROJECTURE.  A  term  used  to  denote  the 
prominent  parts  of  a  building. 

PRONAOS.    (Same  as  Portico  or  Porch.) 

PROP.    (See  Post.) 

PROPSTYLE  /  A  Colonnade  or  range  of  Col- 
PROTSTYLE  f  umns. 
PROPYL^EA  (Gr.n 

PROPYL^EUM       I  A  court  entrance  or  ves- 
PROPYLEUM        ['    tibule.  (Classic.) 
PROPYLON  j 

PROSCENIUM  (Gr.)    That  part  of  the  stage  of 
an  ancient  theatre   in  front  of   the  drop 
curtain. 
PROSTAS.  A  Colonnade. 
PROSTYLL.    A  range  of  columns. 
FROSTY PA  / 
PROSTIPA  \ 
FROTHY RIS  (Gr.)    A  crossbeam,  a  console. 
PROTHYRUM  (Gr.)    A  porch  or  portal. 
PSEUDISODOMON  (Gr.)  )  Same  as  rockface 
PSEUDISODOMUM         \  stonework. 
PSEUDODIPTERAL  (Gr.)    An  ancient  temple 
having  a  portico  of  eight  columns  in  front 
and  a  single  row  on  each  side 
PSEU  DO  PERIPTERAL  (Gr.)  An  ancient  tem- 
ple having  engaged  columns  on  each  side. 
PTERA  (Gr. )    In  Grecian  temples  the  colon 

nade  surrounding  the  cell. 
PTEROMA  (Gr.)  j  In  Grecian  temples  the  space 
PTEROMATA     \    between  the  walls  of  the 

cell  and  the  columns. 
PUDDLING.    Denoting  a  method  of  filling  or 

backing  a  wall  with  clay. 
PUGGING.    (Same  asDeafening.) 
PLTG  FILING.    Same  as  sheet  or  plank  piling. 


Car 


in  half  relief. 


 QUA. 

PULLEY  (Fr.)  One  of  the  five  mechanical 
powers. 

PULLY  MORTISE.    (Same  asChace  Mortice.) 
PULPIT.    A  raised  dais  platform,  or  enclosed 
space  in  a  church. 

PULPITUM.    (Same  as  Proscenium.) 

PULVINARIA  (Lat.  I  In  ancient  temples, 
cushions  for  the  priest's  use. 

PULVINATA  (Lat.)  A  pillow  as  applied  to 
the  Ionic  capital, 

PULVINATED  (Lat.)  A  frieze,  as  in  some  ex- 
amples it.  takes  the  form  of  a  swell  or  pillow. 

PUMP.  A  mechanical  apparatus  for  raisin-  or 
forcing  water. 

PUNCHION  (Fr.)    A  post  or  strut,  a  brace. 

PURFLED  (Fr. )    Fine  carved  work  in  stone. 

PURLIN.  A  horizontal  piece  of  timber  rest- 
ing upon  and  reach ing  from  one  truss  rafter 
to  another  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the 
common  rafters. 

PUT  LA  L.    The  curbstone  to  a  well. 

PUTLOG    /  Short   timbers   or  log-  used  in 

PUTLOCK  f    building  scaffolds. 

PUTLOG  HOLES.  Holes  left  in  mason  work 
which  supports  one  end  of  the  putlog 

PUTTY  (Fr.)  A  mixture  made  of  whiting, 
white  lead,  oil,  etc. 

PUZZOLANA.    (See  Pozzolana.) 

PYCNOSTVLE  (Gr.)  An  ancient  temple 
where  the  columns  stand  quite  close  to- 
gether. 

PYLON.    A  term  used  to  denote  the  massive 

walls  of  an  Egyptian  temple. 
PVNUNTA BLE.    (Same  as  coping.) 
PYRAMID  (Gr. )    A  massive  erection  of  stone 

base,  terminating  at  a  point.  ' 
PYRAMIDION.    A  small  pyramid  terminating 

the  top  of  a  shaft  or  obelisk. 
PYRAMIDOID.    A  geometrical  solid. 


YDRA.    A  plain  border,  frame 
panel. 

AD1-LE.    Small  fillets  or  squares  each 
of  an  " 


il  to  a 
li  side 

Base.    The  lower 


of  the  ! 

member  of  a  pedestal  or  plinth, 
ADRANGLE  (Lat.)    A  plane  figure  of  four 
sides  and  angles. 

ADRANT.    The  quarter  of  a  circle. 
\DREL.    A  square  stone. 
VDRIFORES.    A  door  cut  into  four  sections 
so  as  to  open  half  in  height  or  width 
ADRILATERAL.    A  geometrical  figure. 
\DRIPORTKTS.  A  quadrangular  portico. 
\RREL  /  A  diamond  shaped  tile,  slate  or 
ARRY    \     light  of  glass. 

ARRY  BED      I  A  term  used  to  denote  the 

ARRY  BOND  f  natural  bed  of  stone  when 
stratified. 

\RTERS  1  Scantlings  of  studs 

ARTERINGS  I     from  two  to  four 

VRTER  PARTITIONS  f    inches  thick.  A 
ARTER  TIMBERS       )     square  panel. 
VRTER  GRAIN.    (See  Quarter  Sawed.) 
\RTER  PACE.    The  quarter  landing  of  a 
stairwav. 


QUA  - 

QUARTER  ROUND.  A  moulding  whose  con- 
tour is  a  quarter  ot  a  circle. 
QUARTER  SAWED  (  A  method  of  sawing  tim- 
OR  RIFT  SAWED  f  ber  transversely  to  the 
circular  rings  or  plates,  or  cutting  the  me- 
dullary rays  at  right  angles  with  the  circles 
of  growth. 

QUATRE  FOIL  (Fr.)  A  gothic  form,  the  out- 
line of  which  is  derived  by  the  intersect  

of  four  circles,  the  points  of  meeting  being 
termed  cusps. 

QUEEN.    A  certain  size  slate  used  in  roofing. 

QUEEN-POST.  A  term  applied  to  the  sus- 
pended posts  of  a  roof  truss,  serving  the 
same  purpose  of  the  king  post,  which  sec. 

QUICKLIME.    Lime  in  a  fresh,  live  state. 

§™[  Same  as  Choi, 

QUIRK.  A  groove  or  recess.  (See  Bead  and 
Quirk.) 

QUIRK-MOULDING.    A  convex  moulding. 
QUOIN  (Fr.)    (See  Coin.) 


RABBET  (Fr.)    )A  channel  or  groove  sunk 
REBATE       -    into  a  piece  of  framing 
REBATING  )     lumber;  a  square  recess  or 
sink. 

RABBET- JOINT.  The  joint  formed  by  a 
rabbet. 

RAD.  A  wall  built  of  chopped  straw  and  clay. 
RADIUS.    In  geometry  the  distance  from  the 

center  of  a  circle  to  the  circumference. 
RAFFLE-LEAF.    The  imitation  of  a  leaf  or 

leaves  used  in  decoration,  as  the  acanthus 

leaf  in  the  Corinthian  capital. 
RAFTER.    The  timbers  of  a  roof  framing. 
RAG  WORK.    A  rough  kind  of  stone-work. 
RAIL  (Ger.)  /  A  term  used  to  designate  certain 
RAILING     f    parts  of  a  structure,  as  hand 

rail,  top  rail,  bottom  rail,  lock  rail,  etc.,  etc. 
RAISER  I  Generally  a  term  used  to  designate 
RISER    f    that  portion  of  a  stairs  between 

the  steps  or  treads,  secured  to  the  front  edge 

of  one  and  the  bac  k  edge  of  the  other. 
RAISING-PIECES  )  In  English  timber  build- 
REASON-PIECES  f    ings,  a   piece  that  lies 

under  a  beam  and  on  top  of  the  posts  after 

the  nature  of  a  lintel. 
RAKE 
RAKING 

RAKING  MOULDINGS  \  a  roof;  the  mould- 
ings at  the  overhanging  edge  of  a  roof. 

RAMP  (Fr.)  In  hand-railing,  the  concavity 
formed  on  top  of  a  rail,  where  it  rises  from 
a  landing  or  platform  onto  a  step. 

RAMPANT  ARCH.  One  whose  abutments 
are  on  unequal  levels  one  above  the  other. 

RAMPART.  The  walls  enclosing  a  fortifica- 
tion. 


)  The  edge  of  a  sloping 
'     roof;  the  incline  of 


RANCE.    A  Scotch  term  for  a  post  or  prop. 
RANDOM-RANGE  WORK.    A  term  applied 

to  stone-work  where  the  courses  are  not  all 

of  an  even  thickness. 
R  ANGE.    A  term  used  to  designate  any  portion 

of  a  building  built  in  regular  order. 
RANGE  WORK.     Stone-work    where  the 

courses  are  all  in  the  same  line 


RES 

RAYONXANT  (Fr.)  A  French  term  for  the 
enriched  and  radiating  lines  in  Gothic  ar- 
chitecture. 

HEAR  VAULT.     Same  as  recessed  vaull  or 

REBBATE.    (See  Rabbet.) 

RECESS  (Lat.)    Same  as  Alcove;  a  cavity. 

RECESSED  VAULT  OR  ARCH.  One  vault  re- 
cessed within  another. 

RECTANGLE.  In  geometry  a  figure  composed 
of  right  angles. 

RECTIFICATION.  A  geometrical  problem; 
the  act  of  determining  the  length  of  a 

RECTILINEAR  PERIOD.  A  name  given  to 
that  period  of  Gothic  art  known  as  the  Per- 
pendicular. 

RECTORY.  An  English  term  for  a  priest's 
dwelling,  generally  adjacent  to  and  belong- 
ing to  the  church. 

REDAN  (Fr.)  Projections  built  against  walls- 
a  small  fortification. 

REDOUBT  (  Lat.  |  /  A  small  square  fort  or  forti- 

REDOUBTE        f  fication. 

REDUCT.    A  quirk  or  groove. 

REED  MOULDING.  A  moulding  formed  like 
a  bundle  of  beads  or  reeds. 

REFECTORY  (Lat.)  A  r  n  in  which  re- 
freshments are  served;  a  dining  hall. 

REFRIGERATOR.  A  mechanical  invention  for 
the  preservation  of  perishable  meats,  food, 
etc. 

REGLET  l  (Fr.)    A  flat,  narrow  moulding  prin- 
RIGLET  f    cipally  to  divide  panels. 
REGRATING.    The  process  of  refinishing  or 

tooling  the  face  of  stone-work. 
REGULA  (Lat.)  A  band  in  the  Doric  architrave. 
REIGNER  WORK.    Same  as  Inlaid  Work. 
REINS  OF  A  VAULT.    The  walls  that  sustain 

the  vault  or  roof. 
REJOINT1NG.    The  act  of  filling  old  joints  in 

stone-work  with  new  mortar. 
RELIEVO  (Lat.)     A  term  used  to  designate 

sculpture  in  relief. 
RELIEVING  ARCH.     Same  as  Discharging 

Arch. 

RELISH.  The  projection  of  the  .shoulders  of 
a  tenon. 

RENAISSANCE.  A  term  given  to  the  revival 
of  classic  details  in  French  Gothic  Architec- 
ture. It  corresponds  with  the  Italian 
Cinque  Cento,  and  the  English  Elizabethan. 
RENDER  /  The  manner  of  plastering  di- 
RENDERING  \  rectly  on  stone  or  brick 
walls. 

REPLUM  (Lat.)  In  ancient  architecture  the 
panels  of  a  door. 

REREDOS      i  A  screen  or  ornamental  panel 

REREDOSSE  \  work  behind  the  altar  or  pul- 
pit of  a  church. 

RESERVOIR  (Fr.)  A  basin,  cistern  or  tank 
for  the  supply  of  water. 

RESIGNER  WORK.    (See  Reigner  Work. ) 

RESPONDS.  In  Gothic  art,  half  piers  or  but- 
tresses. 

RESSAUNT  /  (Fr.)     The   projection   of  one 
RESSAULT  f  '  moulding  beyond  the  face  of 
another. 


RET 


RUS 


RETABLE.   A  shelf  in  the  chancel  of  a  church. 

RETAINING  WALL.  A  wall  built  generally 
on  an  incline,  or  wider  at  the  bottom  than 
the  top,  for  the  purpose  of  counteracting 
the  thrust  of  a  bank  of  earth  or  a  lateral 
pressure  of  any  kind. 

RETICULATED  (Diamond-shaped. 

RETICULATED  WORK  \  like  the  meshes  of 
a  net. 

RETRENCHMENT.    The  act  of  cutting  off  or 

reducing  parts. 
RETURN.    The  act  of  extending  a  moulding 

or  any  part  in  an  opposite  direction,  or  on 

another  angle. 
RETURN  BEAD.    Same  as  Bead  and  Quirk. 
REVEAL  /  (Lat.)    The  vertical  joints  or  sides 
REVELS  )     of  an  opening  in  a  wall,  from  the 

face  to  the  frame. 
REVERSED  ARCH.    Same  as  Inverted  Arch. 
REVERSED  OGEE.    (See  Ogee.) 
RHODIACUM.     An  apartment  in  a  Grecian 

house 


RHOMB         fQ  ,    Tn  „eometrv  a 
RHOMBOID  (-    <!,.;,]  ; 
RHOMBUS    \  eiainSure- 

T?TBSSaX'HA  moulded  projection  dividi 
RIBBED    \    a  ({o,n'c  vauit>  root  or  ceiling 

RIBBET  (Sax.)  )  ,g  _fi  R  ) 
REBET  ^(toarne  as  wecess.; 


the  numerous  cities  of  the  Roman  Empire. 
Many  of  the  stupendous  works  of  the 
Romans  were  erected  under  the  immediate 
direction  of  the  several  great  Emperors 
who.  from  4(10  B.  ('.  to  the  Christian  era. 
reigned  as  conquerers  of  the  surrounding 
countries,  using  the  proceeds  of  their  nu- 
merous conquests  to  build  and  beautify 
their  capital.  The  distinctive  features  of 
Roman  architecture  arc  massive  walls  and 
piers,  the  arch  and  the  gigantic  scale  upon 
which  their  great  works  were  built.  The 
early  efforts  of  the  Romans  were  based  on 
the  principles  derived  from  the  Etruscans 
and  Greeks,  developing  gradually,  however, 
into  a  style  that  ultimately  became  known 
as  the  Roman  order  of  architecture. 

ROMAN  CEMENT.  A  name  first  given  to  a 
celebrated  cement  used  by  the  Romans,  and 
lately  to  an  English  preparation. 

ROMANESQUE  ARCHITECTURE.  A  gen- 
eral term  for  several  debased  style-  or 
classes  of  architecture  based  on  the  Roman, 
as  the  Byzantine.  Lombardic,  Saxon,  Nor- 
man, etc. 

ROOD.    An  architectural  cross-form  decora- 
tion :  a  measure  equal  to  36  square  yards. 
ROOD- ARCH.    A  chancel  arch. 
ROOD-BEAM.     A  beam  over  the  entrance  to 


RIDGE  (Sax. 
roof. 


Tin 


joint  or  apex  of  a  gable 


RISING  HINGE.    A  hing 
to  raise  a  door  or  blind 


RIDGE-POLE.  The  horizontal  piece  of  timber 
at  the  ridge  of  a  gable  roof  to  which  is  se- 
cured the  rafters. 

RIDGE-TILE.  Roofing  tile  of  a  convex  shape 
for  covering  a  ridge. 

RIGGEN.    (Same  as  Ridge.) 

RIGHT  ANGLE.    An  angle  of  90  degrees. 

RIP  RAP.  A  wall  or  foundation  of  loose 
stones. 

RISER.    (See  Raiser.) 

constructed  so  as 
n  opening. 
RIVET.'   A  small  metal  bolt. 
ROCK  FACE  WORK       )  The  face  of  which 
ROUGH  STONE  WORK,  f       is  left  broken, 
the  courses  being  regular,  and  the  vertical 
and  horizontal  joints  equally  broken,  but 
cut  square  and  straight. 
ROCOCO.    A  debased  French  ornament  used  in 

decoration. 
ROD.    A  measure  of  length,  16A  feet. 
ROD  WORK.    In  brick-work,  joints  laid  to  a 

rod  or  rule. 
ROLL.    A  large  bead. 

ROLL  AND  FILLET.    A  bead  having  a  square 

projection  or  fillet  on  its  face. 
ROLL  MOULDING.     A    Gothic  bead-like 

moulding. 

ROLLED  BEAMS.  Iron  beams  for  support  of 
heavy  weights,  so  called  from  the  fact  of 
their  being  wrought  between  rollers  and 
not  cast. 

ROMAN  ARCHITECTURE  )  That  style  of 
ROMAN  ORDER  f  architecture 

employed  by  the  ancient  Romans  in  the 
erection  of  Rome,  Corinth,  Carthage,  and 


ROOD-SCREEN.    A  screen  between  the  nave 

and  chancel  of  a  church. 
ROOD-TOWER.    A  tower  at  the  intersection 

of  the  chancel  or  transept  and  nave. 
ROOE  (Sax.)  /  The  covering  of  a  building;  the 
ROOFING     f     to]i  of  a  building. 
ROOM.    The  division  of  a  house:  an  apartment. 
ROSE  /  A  flower  ornament  used  in  theaba- 

ROSETTE  \     ens  of  the  Corinthian  capital, 

from  the   use   of  which   the  rosette  came 

into  favor. 

ROSE-WINDOW.  A  circular  window  divided 
by  mullions  or  tracery  into  several  com- 
partments or  panels. 

ROSTRUM.  (Lat.)  An  ancient  Roman  term 
for  a  platform;  a  raised  place. 

ROT.    (See  Dry  Rot.) 

ROTONDO  (Lat  ))  A  term  generally  applied 
ROTUNDA  )     to  a  circular  building  or 

a  circular  portion  of  a  building. 
ROUGH-CAST.    A  kind  of  rough  plastering 

used  on  external  walls,  or  in  panel?  of  frame 

buildings. 

ROUGHED  IN.  A  term  used  by  plumbers  to 
designate  that  the  ground  or  rough  work  is 
done. 

ROUGH-STRING.  The  rough  carriage  of  a 
stair. 

ROUNDEL.    A  bead  or  astragal. 

RUBBED  WORK.    Stone-work  that  has  been 

rubbed  to  a  smooth  surface. 
RUBBLE- WORK.    A  rough,  irregular  class  of 

stone  masonry. 
RUDERATION.  '  A   pavement   composed  of 

cement  and  small  stones  or  pebbles. 
RULE  JOINT.    A  quarter-round  placed  in  an 

internal  angle.    The  term  is  derived  from 

the  joint  of  the  foot  rule. 
RUSTIC.    A  term  used  to  designate  any  work 

in  imitation  of  nature.    A  rough  state. 
RUSTIC  JOINT.     A  joint  in  stone-work  the 

shape  of  which  is  a  V. 


RUS 


SCH 


RUSTIC  ORDER.     Stone  work  composed  of 

Quoins, Rustic  joints,  etc. 
RUSTIC  WORK.    Rough  stone-work,  the  face 

of  the  stone  being  pointed  off  or  picketed. 
RYBAT.    A  scotch  term  for  Reveal 


SACELLUM  (Lat.)    A  small  inclosed  space  or 
court  without  a  roof.    A  small  chapel.  A 
monumental  chapel  within  a  church. 
SACRARIUM  (Lat.)  A  small  sacred  apartment 

in  a  Roman  house.    (Same  as  Sanctuary.) 
SACRISTY.    A  room  or  vestry  attached  to  an 

Episcopal  or  Catholic  church. 
SADDLE.    A  thin  beveled  board  placed  at  a 
doorway  on  the  floor  for  the  door  to  close 
onto;  often  called  a  threshold. 
SADDLE-BACK  COPING.    Stone  coping  cut 
with  a  raised  or  slanting  top  to  shed  water 
SADDLE-BACK  ROOF.     A  term  applied  to 

the  roof  of  a  tower  when  it  is  gable  shaped. 
SAG  ^The  bending  of  a  body  from  its 

SAGGING  J  own  weight,  when  each  end  is 
supported. 

SAGITTA  (Lat.)  A  term  sometimes  applied  to 
a  keystone.  In  geometry,  the  abscissa  of 
a  curve.  In  trigonometry,  the  versed  sine 
of  an  arch. 

SALIENT  (Fr.)  A  term  used  to  denote  the 
projection  of  a  part  or  moulding. 

SALLY.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  act  of 
notching  a  piece  of  timber;  as  the  foot  of 
a  rafter. 

SALLY-PORT.  In  fortifications,  a  passage, 
generally  underground,  for  the  conduct  of 
troops  from  the  inner  to  the  outer  works. 

SALON    )  (Fr.)    A    spacious    apartment;  a 

SALOON  )  hall  or  gallery,  frequently  part  of 
a  palace  or  building  for  public  use. 

SANCTE-BELL  COT.  A  small  bell  turret  at 
the  east  end  of  the  nave  of  an  Episcopal  or 
Catholic  church. 

SANCTUARY.  The  eastern  end  of  the  chan- 
cel of  an  Episcopal  or  Catholic  church. 

SAND  (Dutch.)  In  mineralogy  a  name  given 
to  all  mineral  matters  that  exist  in  minute 
detached  grains,  generally  formed  by  the 
disintegration  of  stone  or  rock  by  the  action 
of  water. 

SAND-STONE.  In  mineralogy,  stone  princi- 
pally composed  of  grains  of  sand,  cemented 
together  with  various  mineral  substances, 
as  lime,  oxide  of  iron,  alumine,  etc, 

SAP.  The  liquid  and  glutinous  substance  per- 
vading perennial  plants  or  trees  that  feeds 
and  nourishes  them,  and  principally  assists 
the  process  of  growth. 

SAPHETA.    (Same  as  Soffit.) 

SARACENIC  ARCHITECTURE.  That  style  of 
art  practiced  by  the  Arabs  or  Moors,  and 
comprised  within  the  titles  of  Moorish, 
Moresque,  Arabian  and  Mohammedan,  and 
practiced  from  the  seventh  century  through- 
out portions  of  Egypt,  Africa  and  the 
Southern  portions  of  Europe. 

SARCOPHAGUS  (Gr.)  A  tomb,  a  receptacle 
for  the  dead  cut  from  one  stone.  The  prac- 
tice originated  with  the  Egyptians.  t 

SARK1NG.  Thin  boards  used  as  linings  for 
floors,  roofs,  etc. 


SASH  (Fr. )  A  frame  constructed  of  wood  or 
metal  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the  glass 
of  windows. 

SASH  FRAMES.  Same  as  window  frames;  a 
frame  constructed  to  form  the  opening  of  a 
window,  so  made  as  to  receive  the  sash. 

SASH  LINES  OR  CORDS.  The  cord  by 
which  sash  are  suspended  to  the  sash 
weights  of  a  window  frame. 

SASH  LOCK.  A  metal  invention  for  the  pur- 
pose of  securing  sash  from  being  opened. 

SASH  PULLEY.  A  metal  pulley  used  to  carry 
the  sash  cord. 

SASH  RAIL.  The  cross  pieces  at  the  top  and 
bottom  of  a  sash  frame. 

SAXON  ARCHITECTURE.  The  early  style 
of  architecture  practiced  in  England  prior 
to  the  introduction  of  the  Norman  style, 
or  during  the  eleventh  century. 

SCABBLING.  The  act  of  working  the  face  of 
stone  work  down  to  a  square  and  even  sur- 

SCABELLUM  (Lat.)  A  pedestal  for  the  sup- 
port of  a  bust,  used  in  ancient  Roman 
buildings. 

SCAFFOLD  (Fr.)  A  frame  work  roughly  con- 
structed for  the  purpose  of  convenience  in 
the  work  of  building. 

SCAGLIOLA  (Ital.)  A  species  of  plaster  work 
imitating  marble,  invented  by  Sassi,  1630 
A.  D.  It  is  made  of  a  composition  of  plas- 
ter, gypsum,  Flanders  glue,  isinglass  and 

SCALE  (Sax.)  An  instrument  used  in  mathe- 
matical and  architectural  drawing;  being 
a  proportional  division  of  distances  repre- 
senting feet  and  inches. 

SCALENE  TRIANGLE.  A  triangle  whose 
sides  are  all  unequal 

SCALLAGE.  A  detached  covered  porch  at 
the  entrance  of  a  church  yard;  a  covered 
gate. 

SCAMILLI  IMPARES.  Small  plinths  below 
the  bases  of  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  col- 
umns. 

SCAMILLUS.    An  incorrect  term  for  Scamilli. 

SCANDUL.E  (Lat.)  In  early  Roman  buildings 
this  term  was  used  to  designate  what  are 
now  known  as  shingles. 

SCANDULARII.  Roman  mechanics  who  pre- 
pared the  Scandula'. 

SCANTLE.  A  gauge  for  regulating  the  length 
and  width  of  slate. 

SCANTLING  (Fr.)  A  term  used  to  denote  a 
piece  of  timber  of  small  width  and  breadth 
but  of  any  length,  as  a  2x2.  2x4.  2x6  or  2x8. 
The  term  is  also  used  to  designate  the  size 
of  a  stone. 

SCAPE    )(Gr.)    The  shaft  of  a  column.  The 
SCAPUS  ]    quarter-round  which  connects  the 
shaft  with  the  base  or  capital. 

SCAPLING  \    ( Same  as  8cal3blinS- ) 
SCARCEMENT.    A  plain  square  set-off  in  a 
wall. 

SCARFING  )  The  method  of  framing  and  join- 
SCARF        \     ing  together  two    pieces  of 
timber. 

SCENOGRAPHY.  In  geometry,  the  represen- 
tation of  a  solid  in  perspective. 

SCHEME  ARCH.  An  arch  whose  outline  is  a 
segment  of  a  circle. 


SCH 


SHR 


SCHENE  (Gr.)  The  drawing  or  representation 
of  a  design  or  geometrical  figure. 

SCHOFEET.    (Same  as  Soffit,) 

SCHOOLHOUSE.    An  educational  building. 

SCIAGRAPHY  |  (Gr.)    The  science  of  project- 

SCIOGRAPHY  )  iug  shadows  in  perspective 
drawing. 

SCIMA.    (Same  as  Sima.) 

SCOINSON.    (Same  as  Escoinson.) 

SCOLLOPED  MOULDINGS.  A  moulding  gen- 
erally used  in  Norman  work. 

SCONCHEON  (Fr.)  That  portion  of  an  open- 
ing, called  the  jamb,  from  the  back  of  the 
reveal  to  the  inside  of  the  wall. 

SCOTIA.  A  hollow  moulding  generally  em- 
ployed in  the  base  of  a  column  between  the 
fillets  of  the  tori. 

SCOUCHON.    (Same  as  Scutcheon  .) 

SCRATCH-WORK.  The  first  or  rough  coat  of 
plastering  in  three-coat  work. 

SCREED.  A  term  given  to  a  method  of  plas- 
tering so  as  to  form  perfect  surfaces. 

SCREEN  (Lat.)  A  light  frame  of  wood  or 
metal  used  for  several  purposes.  The  orna 
mental  details  of  screens  present  opportu- 
nities for  the  exercise  of  genius  and  design 

SCREW  (Dutch).  One  of  the  six  mechanical 
powers. 

SCRIBING.  The  act  of  fitting  closely  one  por- 
tion of  joiners'  work  to  another. 

SCROLL.  A  spiral  or  curved  ornament  used  in 
architectural  decoration. 

SCULLERY.    A  kitchen  or  wash-room. 

SCULPTURE  (Fr.)  The  art  of  carving  or  imitat- 
ing nature,  particularly  in  marble  or  stone 

SCUTCHEON  [ (Same  as  Escutchion) 
SEALING.    The  act  of  attaching  wood  or  metal 

to  the  surface  of  a  wall. 
SECANT  (Lat.)    In  trigonometry,  a  term  used 

to  designate  a  line  that  cuts  another. 
SECOS  (Gr.)    (Same  as  Adytum.) 
SECRET ARIUM.    (Same  as  Sacristy.) 
SECTION.    A  term  used  to  designate  the  sep- 
aration ot  any  part  or  portion  of  a  design 

by  a  vertical  plane. 
SECTOR   OF  A  CIRCLE.     The  space  con 

tained  between  the  two  radii  and  the  arc 

terminating  them. 
SEDILIA  (Lat.)  )  Seats  in  the  sanctuary  of  a 
SEDILE  j"  church. 

SEELING.    (Same  as  Ceiling.) 
SEGMENT  (Lat.)  A  part  of  the  arc  of  a  circle; 

a  portion  cut  off. 
SEGMENTAL  ARCH       )  An  arch  or  window 
SEGMENTAL  WINDOW  f    whose  outline 

partakes  of  the  form  of  a  segment. 
SELER.    (Same  as  Cellar.) 
SELL.    (Same  as  Sill.) 

SEMICIRCLE.  One  half  of  a  circle  contained 
between  the  diameter  and  the  circumfer- 
ence. 

SEMICIRCULAR  ARCHES.     Arches  whose 

outline  is  equal  to  half  a  circle. 
SEPT.    A  railing. 

SEPTIZON        )  A  celebrated  Roman  mauso- 
SEPTIZONIUM  f    leum.  erected  to  the  mem- 
ory of  Septimius  Severus. 


SEPULCHRAL  ]  Relating  to  ar- 

SEPULCHRAL  CHAPEL  |  chitectural 
SEPULCHRAL  COLUMN  f  creations 
SEPULCHRAL  MONUMENT  J     raised  to 

commemorate  the  dead. 
SEPULCHRE.    A  grave,  a  tomb,  an  architect- 
ural design  in  memory  of  the  dead. 
SERAGLIO  (Persian.)    A  hall  or  large  apart- 
ment.   A  palace;  an  apartment  set  apart 
for  females. 

SERPENTINE.  Winding;  the  name  of  a 
stone.  . 

SESSPOOL.    (Same  as  Cesspool.) 

SET-OFF.  The  break  in  the  face  of  a  wall, 
pier  or  buttress. 

SETTING.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  harden- 
ing of  cement  or  mortar.  The  placing  of  a 
stone  on  a  wall. 

SETTING-COAT.  The  last  coat  of  brown 
mortar. 

SET- WORK.    Two-coat  work  of  plastering. 
SEVERANS    A  cornice  or  string  course. 
SEVERY    )A  compartment  or  section  of  a 
SEVEREY  )    scaffolding;  a  room  or  compart 

ment  of  a  building;  the  bay  or  division  of  a 

vaulted  ceiling. 
SEWER         }  A  conduit  or  drain;  a  system  of 
SEWERAGE  f  drainage. 

SEXAGESIMAL.  A  term  used  in  the  division 
of  the  circumference  of  a  circle  into  sixty 
parts. 

SEXAGON.    (Same  as  Hexagon.) 
SEXTRY    (Same  as  Sacristy.) 
SHAFT.    The  body  of  a  column  from  base  to 
capital. 

SHAFTED  IMPOST.  (Same  as  Banded  Col- 
umn.) 

SHAFT  OF  A  CHIMNEY.  The  portion  con- 
taining the  flue. 

SHAFT  OF  A  KING-POST.  That  portion 
between  the  joggles. 

SHAKE.    A  defect  or  split  in  timber 

SHAMBLE.    (Same  as  Abattoir.) 

SHAMDOOR.  A  false  door  or  the  representa- 
tion of  a  door. 

SHANK  (Sax.)  The  space  contained  between 
two  channels  of  the  Doric  triglyph. 

i§ax.)  I  Generally  a  ledge  or  projection 

SHLLVES  S  Axed  to  or  against  a  wall  for 
purposes  of  support, 

SHIDES.    (Same  as  Shingle.) 

SHINGLE  (Ger.)  Loose  stone  or  pebbles. 
Thin  pieces  of  pine,  cedar,  redwood  or 
other  wood  used  to  cover  roofs.  The  stand- 
ard shingle  is  4x16  inches,  about  i  of  an 
inch  thick  at  the  butt,  tapering  to  a  feather 
edge. 

SHOE.  The  lower  elbow  of  a  rain-water  con- 
ductor. A  cast  or  wrought  iron  socket 
used  in  truss  work  to  receive  the  thrust  of 
the  foot  of  the  principal  rafters. 

SHORE  OR  SHOAR.  A  post,  prop  or  support 
used  to  carry  a  weight  while  work  is  in 
progress. 

SHOULDERING  PIECES  )  Thin  strips  of  wood 
SHOULDERING  f      or  cement  la°d 

under  the  upper  edge  of  slate,  to  so  raise 

them  as  to  close  the  laps. 
SHREAD  HEAD    (Same  as  Jerkin  Head) 


SILL. 


SQU 


SHREADINGS.    (Same  as  Furrings.) 
SHRINE  (Sax.)   An  altar;  abox;  a  cabinet ;  a 
tomb. 

SHRINKAGE.    The  contraction  of  timber  or 

wood  that  takes  place  during  the  process  of 

seasoning. 
SHROUDS.    (Same  as  Crypt.) 
SHUTTERS.     A  light  framework  of  wood  or 

metal,  used  to  close  or  partially  close  the 

opening  of  a  window. 
SIDE-POST.    Used  in  roofs  as  Queen-posts. 
SIDE  TIMBERS.    (Same  as  Purlins.) 
SILL.    The  lower  portion  of  a  door  or  window 

opening.   The  lower  frame  or  timbers  of  a 

building;  a  lower  part. 

ISa  INVERSA.  f  (See  C!ma  Inversa  > 
SIMA  RECTA.    (See  Cima  Recta.) 
SIMA  REVERSA.  (See  Cima  Inversa.) 
SINE.    A  line  drawn  from  one  end  of  an  arch 

perpendicular  upon  the  diameter. 
SINGLE  HUNG.     A  term  used  to  denote  the 

hanging  of  one  sasli  only. 
SINK.    A  plumbing  fixture  used  for  culinary 

purposes. 
SKEW-ARCH.    An  oblique  arch. 
SKEW-BACK.     That  part  of  an  arch  that  cuts 

into  a  wall  beyond  the  perpendicular  line  of 

the  opening. 
SKEW-TABLE.     A  block  or  stone  table  at  the 

eave  of  a  gable  to  receive  the  coping. 
SKIRTINGS.  The  base-board  of  a  room. 
SKIRTS  OF  A  ROOF.    The  protection  of  the 

eaves. 

SKREEN.    (Same  as  Screen.) 

SKYLIGHT.    A  light  frame  of  wood  or  iron  for 

the  purpose  of  holding  glass.   The  term  is 

generally  applied  to  a  roof  window. 
SLAB.    A  term  applied  to  a  level  piece  of  mar 

ble.   A  thin  piece  of  timber  or  plank.  A 

hearth. 

SLATES.  Thin  layers  of  argillaceous  stone 
used  in  roofing. 

SLATING.    The  art  of  laying  slates  on  a  roof. 

SLEEPERS.  Floor  joist  laid  flat-wise  or  rest- 
ing on  the  soil. 

SLIDING  DOOR.  A  door  hung  to  slide  instead 
of  being  hinged  to  open  or  swing. 

SLIT  DEAL.    Aboard.  A  thin  piece  of  lumber. 

SLUSHED  UP.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  fill- 
ing of  interstices  of  masonry. 

SMOKE-STACK.  An  isolated  chimney  or  shaft. 

SNACKET.    A  clasp.  A  door  fastening. 

SOCLE)  (It.)  A  square  member  of  less  height 

ZOCLE  f  than  projection.  A  moulding  with  a 
square  outline. 

SOFFITA  )  (Ital.)  The  under  side  of  any  archi- 

SOFFIT    [         tectural  structure.   A  ceiling. 

SOFFITE  )  The  lower  surface  of  a  vault, 

arch,  window  or  beam.  The  under  side  of 
the  corona  of  a  cornice. 

SOILS.    (Same  as  Principal  Rafters.) 

SOLAR   )    A  term  sometimes  given  to  an  attic 

SOLLERJ  chamber. 

SOLDER.    Metallic  fusible  cement. 

SOLE,    (Same  as  Sill.) 

SOMMERING.  The  beds  of  stone  when  used 
as  key  or  ring  stones  of  an  arch. 


SORTANT  ANGLE.    A  salient  angle. 

SOUDLETS.    The  cross-bars  of  a  sash. 

SOUND-BOARD        )  A  board  or  canopy  back 

SOUNDING-BOARD  J  of  a  pulpit  or  rostrum 
used  to  reverberate  the  sound  of  the  voice. 

SOUND-BOARDING.  Boards  let  down  be- 
tween joist  to  receive  deafening  mortar. 

SOUSE.    A  support;  a  prop;  a  post. 

SOWDELS.    (See  Soudlets.) 

SPALLS.    Broken  Stone.  Stone  chips. 

SPAN.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  distance 
across  the  opening  of  an  arch,  roof,  etc. ;  a 
distance. 

SPANDREL.  A  triangular  space  or  panel  be- 
tween the  outer  curve  or  extrados  of  an  arch 

SPANDREL  BRACKETING.  (Same  as  Cone 
Bracketing.) 

SPAN  PIECE.    (Same  as  Collar  Beam. ) 

SPAN  ROOF.  A  term  used  to  denote  a  gable 
or  truss  roof. 

SPAR  PIECE.    (Same  as  Collar  Beam.) 

SPARS.    Common  rafters. 

SPECIFICATIONS.  An  architect's  descriptive 
instruction,  explanatory  of  his  plans  or 
drawings. 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITY.  The  weight  of  any  body, 
solid  or  material,  as  compared  with  the  same 
magnitude  of  rain  water,  a  cubic  foot  of 
which  weighs  1000  ounces. 

SPECUS.  (Lat.)  The  canal  or  water  conduit  of 
ancient  aqueducts. 

SPERONI.    (Same  as  Anterides.) 

SPH^RISTERIUM.  A  building  used  in  the 
game  of  ball. 

SPHERE.  (Gr.)  A  geometrical  body  whose  sur- 
face is  at  every  point  equally  distant  from 
the  center  point. 

SPHERICAL  BRACKETING.  The  shaping  or 
bracketing  out  of  a  spherical  surface,  as  a 
dome. 

SPHEROIDAL  BRACKETING.     Much  the 

same  as  spherical  bracketing. 
SPIRA.    The  base  of  a  classic  column. 
SPIRAL.    A  curve  radiating  from  a  center 

around  a  fixed  point. 
SPIRE.  (Gr.)  An  astragal;  a  torus;  the  pointed 

termination  of  a  church  tower;  a  pyramidal 

octagon  or  square  tower  diminished  to  a 

point. 
SPITAL.    A  hospital. 
SPLANDRAL.    (Same  as  spandrel. ) 
SPLAYED  )    The  slanting  or  beveling  of  the 
SPLAY      J       sides  or  jambs  of  a  window  or 

door  opening. 
SPRING-BEVEL  OF  A  RAIL.  In  stair-building 

the  angle  made  at  the  top  end  of  the  rail 

which  terminates  the  concave  side. 
SPRINGED  )  Roofing  boards  laid  with  bevel 
SPRING       f      joints.   The  act  of  beveling  a 

piece  of  joiners  work. 

SPRINGER   The  top  of  an  impost.  The  starting 

of  an  arch. 

SPRINGING  COURSE.  The  top  course  of  stone 

forming  the  springer. 
SPUR.    (Same  meaning  as  Bracket.) 
SQUARE.  (Lat.)    A  geometrical  figure  of  four 

equal  sides  and  angles.  A  carpenter's  tool. 
SQUARE  SHOOT.    A  water  conductor. 


SQU 


STR 


SQUARE  STAFF.  A  wooden  bead  or  corner 
piece  secured  to  the  angle  of  stud  partitions 
to  finish  the  plastering  against.  (See  Angle 
Bead.) 

SQUARING  HAND  RAILS.  In  stair-building, 
the  method  of  shaping  the  rail  so  that  all 
the  vertical  sections  will  be  right  angles. 

SQUILLERIE.    An  old  term  for  Scullery. 

SQUINOH  )  A  small  arch,  or  angle  arch,  so  built 

SCONCE  J  as  to  form  an  octagon  across  a 
square  corner. 

SQUINT.  An  oblique  or  beveled  opening  look- 
ing from  one  room  to  another. 

STABLE.  An  out-building  used  for  accomoda- 
tion of  horses  and  cattle. 

STACK.    A  name  given  to  an  isolated  chimney. 

STADIUM.  (Gr.)  An  open  space  in  an  ancient 
gymnasium;  a  Grecian  measure  of  distance 
equal  to  125  paces. 

STAFF  BEAD.  (Same  as  Square  Staff  or  Angle 
Bead. ) 

STAGE.  An  elevated  floor;  a  platform.  The 
space  allotted  to  the  actors  in  a  theatre. 

STAINED  GLASS.  The  art  of  coloring  glass 
so  as  to  form  designs  and  geometrical  pat- 
terns. 

STAIRCASE.  A  name  given  to  that  portion  of 
a  building  connected  with  the  stairway. 

STAIR-HEAD.  Relating. to  the  head  room  of 
a  stairway. 

STAIRS.  (Sax.)  A  collection  of  steps  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  connect  one  story  of  a  building 
with  another. 

STAIRWAY.    (Same  as  Staircase.) 

STALK.  (Sax.)  The  base  of  the  volutes  of  a  Cor- 
inthian capital. 

STALL.  (Sax.)  An  elevated  seat  in  the  choir  or 
chancel  of  a  church;  an  apartment  in  a  sta- 
ble. 

STANCHION.  (Fr.)  A  post,  a  prop,  a  support. 

The  upright  bars  of  a  window. 
STANDARD.    A  base  or  support ;  a  support  for 

shelves. 

STAPLE.  Generally  a  piece  of  metal,  U 
shaped,  used  to  secure  a  has])  or  bolt. 

STAR-MOULD.  A  Norman  moulding  or  star- 
shaped  decoration. 

STABLINGS  \  A  row  of  piles  driven  around  a 

STERLINGS  J       pier,  used  in  bridge  work. 

STATICS.  The  science  which  treats  of  bodies 
at  rest  or  in  equilibrium. 

STAVES  )  A  hay  rack;  any  construction  formed 

STAVED  J  of  several  pieces  put  together  bar- 
rel shaped. 

STAY  ) 

STAY-B  \R  )  ^  brace;  a  support. 

STEEL.  (Sax.)  Wrought  iron  combined  with 
carbon. 

STEENING.  Brick  work  laid  up  without  mor- 
tar. 

STEEPLE)    (Sax.)     The  tower  or  spire  of  a 

STEPULL  J  church;  any  lofty  erec 

tion  of  a  conical  or  pointed  outline. 

STENCH-TRAP.  In  sewerage,  the  valve  or 
mechanical  invention  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting the  rise  of  sewer  gas  or  effluvium. 

STEPS.  A  term  used  to  designate  a  certain 
height  or  rise  of  the  foot;  any  height  used  to 
ascend. 


STEREOBATA  )  The  lowest  division  or  portion 
STEREOBATE  f       of  a  style  of  architecture. 

(Same  as  Pedestal.) 
STEREOMETRY.     In  geometry,  that  branch 

which  treats  of  cutting  solids. 
STERLING.  (Same  as  Starling.) 
STEROGRAPHY.   (Gr.)     In   geometry,  that 

branch  which  treats  of  the  construction  of 

all  solid  bodies. 

STILE  )  (Sax.)  The  upright  piece  or  side  piece 
STILES  J  of  a  frame,  as  a  door. 

STILTED  ARCH.  An  arch  that  has  the  top  of 
the  capital  or  impost  mouldings  below  t he 
level  of  the  spring  line,  or  the  radius  of  the 
curve. 

STILTS.    (Same  as  Starling.) 

STOA.  (Gr.)  (Same  as  Portico.)  A  porch. 

STOCK  BOARDS.  An  American  term  for  boards 
of  a  standard  width,  or  the  same  width. 

STOCK  BRICK.  A  term  meaning  pressed,  or  of 
good  quality, 

STONE.  (Sax.)  A  mass  of  mineral  matter;  a  nat- 
ural indurated  substance. 

STONE  ARCH.     An  arch  constructed  of  stone. 

STOOL.  A  term  given  to  the  inside  sill  of  a  win- 
dow frame. 

STOOTINOS  / 

STOOTHING  \    (Same  as  Batten.) 

STOP.  A  small  moulding  used  to  stop  doors 
against  or  to  enclose  sash. 

STOP-COCK.  A  faucet  used  to  shut  off  a  sup- 
ply of  water. 

STOPPING.  Pointing  up  of  stone  or  plaster- 
ing work. 

STORY    )   (Lat.)  A  certain  division  of  a  build- 

STOREY  f  ing.    A  vertical  section. 

STOUP  |  A  vessel  to  contain  consecrated  water, 

STOPE  J       used  in  Catholic  churches. 

STRAIGHT-ARCH.  A  straight  lintel,  formed 
of  voussoirs,  on  the  principles  of  an  arch. 

STRAINING-PIECE.  A  horizontal  beam  gen- 
erally used  in  trusses  to  counteract  a  force 
or  strain  in  the  direction  of  its  length. 

STRAP.  (Dutch.)  An  iron  plate  used  to  connect 
timbers,  and  to  secure  them  together. 

STRATA.  Used  in  connection  with  stone  quar- 
rying to  designate  the  beds  or  layers. 

STRETCHER.  A  brick  or  stone  laid  with  its 
length  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the 
wall. 

STRETCHING-COURSE.  A  scries  or  several 
stretchers  laid  on  a  wall;  a  course  of  stretch- 
ers. 

STRI/E.  (Lat.)  Fillets;  narrow  flat  bands. 
STRIATED.    (Same  as  Chamfer  or  Channel.) 
STRIGES     The  channels  of  a  fluted  column. 
STRIKING  )   A  term  used  to  denote  the  act  of 
STICKING  )'       marking  off  or  the  drawing  of 
lines. 

STRING  )  A  projecting  horizontal 

STRING-COURSE  (        band  or  assemblage  of 

mouldings.    (See  Carriage  of  a  Stair.)  (See 

Notch  Board.) 

STRING-FACE  [The  board  or  piece  around 
STRING-PIECE  \     the  well-hole  of  a  stair. 

STRIX.    A  channel  of  a  fluted  column. 


STR 


TEN 


STRUCK  I  A  term  used  to  denote  the 

STRUCK  JOINT  f       act  of  smoothing  off  the 

joints  of  brick  or  stone  work,  or  pointing 

them  up. 
STRUTS i 

STRUT    \  (Same  as  i  Brace;  a  post;  a  support.) 

STRUTTING  BEAM.  (Same  meaning  as  Strain- 
ing Beam. 

STRUTTING  PIECE.  (Same  as  Straining  Beam.) 

STUB-MORTICE.    A  short  mortice. 

STUCCO  (Ital.)   Calcareous  cements;  plaster; 

ground  gypsum. 
STUCK  MOULDINGS.    A    moulding  cut  or 

stuck  on  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  wood. 
STUDS  (Sax.)  (Same  as  Quarters.)  Scantlings 

used  to  frame  partitions. 
STUFF  (Dutch.)  A  term  used  to  designate  in 

general  terms  the  wood  or  timber  used  by 

joiners. 

STUMP  TRACERY.  A  sort  of  contracted  style 
of  German  Gothic  traceiy. 

STYLE  )    A  term  used  to  designate  the  several 

STILE   J       varieties  of  architecture. 

STYLOBATE.  (Same  as  Pedestal.)  The  lower 
portion  of  an  order  of  architecture;  a  base- 
ment or  substructure. 

SUB-BASE.  The  upper  mouldings  of  a  cornice 
to  a  pedestal. 

SUB-PLINTH.  A  second  or  lower  plinth  placed 
under  the  base  of  a  pedestal. 

SUDATIO         I  (Same  as  Caldarium.)  (Same 

SUDATORIUM  j       as  Coneamerate  Sudatio^ 

SUMMER  (Ital.)  A  lintel;  a  beam;  a  girder. 

SUMMER  BEAM.  (Same  as  Summer. )  (Same 
as  Bressummer.) 

SUMMER-HOUSE.  An  arbor;  a  light  architect- 
ural construction. 

SUMMER-TREE.    (Same  as  Dorman  Tree.) 

SUNK  COAK.    A  mortise. 

SUNK  SHELVES.   Sunk  shelves  with  grooves. 
SUNLIGHT.    A  transom  light;  a  skylight. 
SUPER-ALTER.    A  shelf  or  second  altar  over 

the  main  altar  in  a  cathedral. 
SUPERCILIUM  (Lat.)   A  lintel.  (Same  as  Ante- 

pagmenta.) 

SUPERSTRUCTURE.  (Lat.)  The  upper  por 
tion  of  a  building;  that  part  above  the  foun- 
dation. 

SUPPORTERS.  A  term  used  to  denote  posts 
or  braces;  any  body  that  is  used  to  support 
another. 

SURBASE  j  An  assemblage  of  mouldings  cap- 

SUB-BASE  )       ping  the  dado  of  a  room. 

SURBASED  ARCH.    A  depressed  arch. 

SURMOUNTED  ARCH.  (Same  as  Stilted  Arch. ) 

SWALLOW-TAIL.    (Same  as  Dove-tail.) 

SWELLED  COLUMNS.  A  term  used  to  desig- 
nate the  practice  of  the  ancients  in  the  dim- 
inution of  their  columns. 

SYMBOLICAL  COLUMNS.  Columns  erected  to 
commemorate  great  events,  designed  with 
symbolical  emblems. 

SYPPER  JOINT.    A  lap-joint. 

SYSTYLE.  Aclassicbuildingwhere  thecolumns 
are  placed  quite  close  together,  more  so  than 


TABERN.    (Same  as  Cellar.) 
TABERNACLE  (Lat.)  In  Catholic  churches 
a  small  architectural  edifice  placed  on 
the  altar. 

TABLE.  A  term  used  in  perspective  drawing 
to  denote  the  plan  of  the  picture. 

TABLE,  CORBEL.    (See  Corbel  Table.) 

TABLE,  WATER.    (See  Water  Table.) 

TABLET  (Lat.)  A  geometrical  or  architectural 
design,  generally  placed  on  a  wall,  carved 
with  some  symbol  or  inscription. 

TABLING.    (Same  as  Coping.) 

TABLINUM  (Lat.)  An  apartment  in  a  Roman 
house. 

TABULATUM  (Lat.)  A  term  used  to  denote 
various  portions  of  a  building,  as  floors, 
wainscoting,   ceilings,  projections,  etc. 

TACKS.    Small,  sharp-pointed  nails. 

TAENIA  )  (Gr. )    The  small  square  or  fillet  be- 

TENIA  f  tween  the  Doric  frieze  and  archi- 
trave. 

TAIL.    A  term  synonymous  with  Housing. 
TAIL  BAY.    (See  Case  Bays.) 
TAIL  IN.    (See  Tailing.) 

TAILING.  A  stone  or  brick  projecting  from  a 
wall. 

TAIL-JOIST.    Joist   framed  between   a  tail- 

trinHner  and  the  wall 
TAIL-TRIMMER.    A  beam  or  double  joist 

framed  across  openings  or  in  front  of  a 

chimney  to  carry  tail-joist. 
TAILLOIR  (Fr.)    A  French  term  for  Abacus. 
TALON  (Fr.)    A  French  term  for  Ogee. 

TALUT  [    Same  as  Batter- 

TAMBOUR  (Fr.)  Same  as  the  bell  of  a  cap- 
ital.   (See  Bell.) 

TANGENT  (Lat.)  A  straight  line  drawn  from 
a  curved  line  or  circle. 

TANK.  A  water  receptacle;  a  cistern;  a  reser- 
voir. 

TARRAS  MORTAR  )  A  hydraulic  cement  of 
TERRAS  MORTAR  \    great  strength. 

TASSEL  1  ^  Vlece  °f  timber  for  receiving  the 
t<  kPCFT  r    en(l  °f  a  beam  or  joist.    (See  Bond 

tosIIlJ  Timto--> 

TAVERN.    (See  Hotel.) 
TAXIS  (Gr. )    (Same  as  Order. ) 
TEAZE  TENON.    A  tenon  framed  on  the  top 
of  a  post. 

TECTORIUM  OPUS  (Lat.)  An  ancient  species 
of  plastering. 

TELAMONES  (Gr.)    (Same  as  Atlantes.) 

TEMENOS  (Gr.)    (Same  as  Temple.) 

TEMPLA  (Lat.)  A  term  used  in  ancient  Roman 
buildings  to  designate  the  purlins  of  a  roof. 

TEMPLATE.    (Same  as  Templet.) 

TEMPLE  (Lat.)  A  term  used  in  ancient  classic 
architecture  to  denote  a  religious  edifice: 
a  house  of  worship. 

TEMPLET.  A  Bond  Timber ;  a  form  or  pat- 
ter:', used  by  builders  in  laying  out  their 
work. 

TENIA.  The  small  band  or  fillet  at  the  top  of 
the  Doric  order.    (See  Taenia.) 


TO  1KB 


TRACERY. 


TEN 


TRE 


TENON  (Fr.)  A  framing  or  square  projection 
cut  on  the  end  of  a  piece  of  timber  for  in- 
sertion into  the  mortise. 

TENSION.  A  term  used  to  denote  the  strain  of 
a  timber  or  any  material  in  the  direction  of 
its  length. 

TENSION-ROD.    An  iron  rod  used  in  coun-  ! 

teracting  a  strain  or  tension. 
TEPID ARIUM  (Lat.)  An  apartment  in  a  Roman 

bath. 

TERAM.    The  scroll  or  swelling  sometimes 

given  to  the  end  of  a  step. 
TERCENTO.    A  name  given  to  that  style  of 

architecture  prevailing  in  Italy  during  the 

14th  century. 
TFRM  ) 

TERMINAL  I  ^  Pec^esta^  >  a  snort  column ;  a 
TERMINUS  )  base- 

TERRA  COTTA  (It.)  Burned  or  baked  clay 
or  earth. 

TERRACE.    A  raised  portion;  an  embankment; 

a  balcony  or  gallery. 
TERRACE  ROOF.    A  flat  or  deck  roof. 
TERRAS  MORTAR.    (See  Tarras  Mortar.) 
TESSELLATED.    (See  Mosaic.) 
TESSERA  (Gr.)  An  ancient  term  for  a  cube  or 

die. 

TESTEDO  (Lat.)  A  vaulted  roof;  an  arched 

vault. 
TESTER  ) 

TESTOON  (  A  ^at  canoPv  over  a  pulpit. 

TETRADORON  (Gr.)  An  ancient  brick  four 
palms  in  length. 

TETRAGON  (Gr.)  A  geometrical  figure  of  4 
sides  and  angles. 

TETRAHEDRON.  A  regular  solid  compre- 
hended under  four  equal  equilateral 
triangles. 

TETRASTYCHE.  A  gallery  of  four  rows  of 
columns. 

TETRASTYLE.  A  building  or  portico  with 
four  oolumns  in  front  or  four  pilasters  on 
the  side. 

THATCH.    A  rude  method  of  covering  roofs 

with  straw  or  reeds. 
THEATER  (Gr.)    A  building  devoted  to  the 

representation  of  the  drama. 
THERMS.    A  bath. 
THOLE.    An  heraldic  shield. 
THOLOBATE.    A  cupola. 
THOLUS.    A  term  given  to  a  circular  building. 
THRESHOLD.    The  sill  of  a  doorway. 
THROAT.    A  term  given  to  that  part  of  a  chim- 
ney between  the  grate  and  the  flue. 
THROUGH-STONE.    (See  Binders.) 
THRUST.    That  force  exerted  by  one  body 

against  another. 
TIE  (Sax.)    Any  substance  or  material  used  in 

building  to  counteract  tension. 
TIE-BEAM.    A  beam  generally  employed  in  a 

roof  framing  for  the  purpose  of  overcoming 

strains. 

TIE-ROD.  An  iron  rod  used  in  the  same  sense 
as  a  tie-beam. 

TIE-WALL.  A  transverse  wall  in  the  hollow 
spandrel  of  an  arch. 

TIERCE  POINT.  The  top  point  of  an  equi- 
lateral triangle. 


TIGE.    A  French  term  for  the  shaft  of  a  col- 
umn. 

TIGNA.  (Same  as  Tie-Beam),  an  old  term. 
TILE  (Sax.)   A  thin  square  of  burned  clay,  or 
any  other  material,  for  covering  roofs. 
;  TILING.    The  act  of  covering  a  roof  with  tile. 
TILTING  -  FILLET.    A  small  thin  strip  laid 
under  the  edge  of  slating  so  as  to  form  a 
close  joint. 

TIMBER  (Sax.)   A  name  given  to  wood  used  in 
building. 

TIN.    A  metal;  equivalent,  59;  symbol,  Sn;  spe- 
cific gravity,  7.29;  fusing  point,  442:Fahr. 
TOMB  (Gr.)   A  sepulcher;  a  grave;  a  place  of 
burial. 

TONDINO.    A  round  moulding. 
TONGUE.     A  small  fillet  or  square,  cut  on  the 

edge  of  flooring,  or  a  piece  of  thin  lumber. 
TOOTH.    The  name  of  a  moulding  used  in 

Norman  architecture. 
TOOTHING.    The  act  of  interlocking  or  tieing 
masonry  together,  or  joining  one  portion  to 
another  by  alternate  projections. 
TOP  BEAM.  (Same  as  Collar  Beam;)  an  upper- 
most beam. 

TOP  RAIL.    The  uppermost  crosspiece  of  a 
door  or  any  panel  work. 

TORSILL  }  Same  as  TasseL 
TORSION.    A  strain  exertecLon  any  material  in 

a  twisting  direction. 
TORUS  )  (Lat.)   Much  the  same  meaning  as 
TORE    )     Astragal.    A  half-round  moulding. 
TOWER  (Sax.)    A  high  or  lofty  edifice,  gener- 
ally a  part  of  a  large  building. 
TOWN  HALL.  The  official  building  of  a  town; 

a  public  edifice. 
TRABEATION.    (Same  as  Entablature.) 
TRABS  (Lat.)    A  wall  plate  or  bond  timber.' 
TRACERY.    In  Gothic-  art  the  small,  radiating 
and  curvilinear  branches  or  subdivisions  of 
windows,  panels,  groins,  etc. 
TRACHEL1UM  (Lat.)  (Same  as  Collarino.)  The 

neck  of  a  column. 
TRACK  OF  A  DOOR.    That  portion  of  a  door 

frame  upon  which  a  sliding-door  runs. 
TRANSEPT.    The  cross  part  or  transverse  por- 
tion of  a  cruciform  building,  generally  a 
church. 

TRANSOM.    A  frame  across  a  window;  a  divi- 
sion sometimes  used  to  designate  an  upper- 
most light;  a  light  over  a  door. 
TRANSTRA  (Lat.)    An  ancient  term  for  cross- 
timbers  of  a  roof  framing. 
TRANSVERSE.    In  a  cross  direction. 
TRANSYTE.    A  narrow  passage. 
TRAP  (OF  A  SEWER).    A  mechanical  appli- 
ance for  the  prevention  of  the  escape  of  gas. 
TRAPEZIUM.    A  geometrical   figure  whose 

sides  are  not  parallel. 
TRAPEZOID.    A  geometrical   figure  whose 

opposite  sides  are  parallel. 
TRAPEZOIDAL  WALL.    A  retaining  wall. 
TRAVERSE.    A  gallery  or  balcony,  more  es- 
pecially in  a  church. 
TREAD  OF  A  STAIR.    The  level  or  horizon- 
tal portion  of  a  stair;  the  step  of  a  stair. 
TREBEATION.    (Same  as  Entablature.) 


TRE 


VAL 


Heavy 


A  wooden  horse;  a  frame-work  of 
wood. 


TREFOIL.  A  Gothic  figure  consisting  of  3  semi- 
connected  circles. 

TRELLIS    )  A  screen;  a  lattice  work;  any  light 

TRELLICE  \     reticulated  frame  work. 

TRENAIL.    A  wooden   pin,  used 
framings. 

TRESSEL 

TRES8UL 

TRESTLE 

TRIANGLE  (Lat.)    A  geometrical  figure  of  3 

sides  and  3  angles. 
TRIBUNE  (Lat.)    A  platform  or  dais  for  a 

speaker. 

TRICLINUM  (Lat.)  The  reception  room  of  a 
Roman  house. 

TRIFORIUM  (Lat.)  The  space  in  a  roof  be- 
tween the  ceiling  and  the  roof  proper;  a  gal- 
lery. 

TRIGLYPH  (Gr.)  A  projecting  block  or  tablet 
on  the  frieze  of  the  Doric  order. 

TRIGONOMETRY.  (Gr.)  The  science  of  meas- 
uring and  ascertaining  the  unknown  parts 
of  a  triangle. 

TRILATERAL  (Lat.)  A  geometrical  figure  hav- 
ing three  sides  or  angles. 

TRILITHON.  A  term  used  to  denote  two  stones 
or  piers  supporting  a  lintel. 

TRIM  (Sax.)  A  term  used  to  denote  the  act  of 
fitting  or  joining.  The  finishing  or  wood- 
trimming  of  a  building. 

TRIMMER.  A  beam  or  joist  into  which  others 
are  framed. 

TRIMMING  JOIST.  A  beam  or  joist  into  which 
a  trimmer  is  framed. 

TRIUMPHAL  ARCH.  An  architectural  struct- 
ure erected  to  commemorate  a  victory. 

TROCHILUS  (Gr.)  (Same  as  Scotia.)  A  hollow 
or  concave  moulding. 

TROUGH  (EAVE).  A  gutter  or  water  con- 
duit. 

TRUNCATED  CONE.    One  that  has  its  upper 

part  cut  off.' 
TRUNCATED  ROOF.    A  hip  roof. 
TRUNK.    A  term  used  to  designate  the  shaft 

of  a  pilaster. 

TRUSS  (Fr.)  A  scientific  arrangement  or  com- 
bination of  timber  so  framed  as  to  be  self- 
supporting. 

TRUSS  PARTITION.  A  stud  partition  that  is 
rendered  self-supporting  by  a  system  of 
trussing. 

TRUSS  ROOF.  A  roof  framing  consisting  of 
several  timbers  scientifically  arranged  so  as 
to  be  self-supporting. 

TRUSSED  BEAM     )  A  beam  or  girder  which 

TRUSSED  GIRDER  \  is  strengthened  by  a 
system  of  trussing. 

TUCK  POINTING.  A  method  of  filling  old  or 
new  joints  of  masonry  with  cement  forming 
a  raised  joint. 

TUDOR  FLOWER.  A  flat  flower  or  leaf  char- 
acteristic of  the  Perpendicular  style. 

TUDOR  STYLE.  A  general  term  used  to  desig- 
nate the  Perpendicular  style.  (See  Perpen- 
dicular Period.) 

TUFALL  ROOF.    A  shed  roof. 

TUMBLING  IN.    (Same  as  Trim.) 

TUNNEL  (Fr.)    A  subterranean  passage. 


TURNING  PIECE.  A  form  or  segmental  piece 
used  for  turning  a  brick  arch  upon.  (See 
Centre.) 

TURPENTINE.  The  distillation  of  the  sap  of 
the  pine  tree  used  in  painting. 

TURRET  (Lat.)  A  small  pinnacle  at  the  cor- 
ner of  a  wall. 

TUSCAN  ORDER.  An  order  used  in  Italy  de- 
rived from  the  Roman  Doric,  only  plainer 
in  detail  and  mouldings. 

TUSK.    A  bevel  shoulder  made  above  a  tenon. 

TYMPANUM  |  (Gr.)  The  plain  triangular  space 

TYMPAN  )  of  a  pediment;  the  die  of  a 
pedestal;  the  panels  of  a  door. 

TYPE.  A  canopy  over  a-  pulpit;  a  sounding 
board. 


UNDERCROFT.    A  vault  or  crypt. 
UNDERPIN.    The  act  of 'pointing-up  a 
wall  or  bringing  up  a  wall  to  a  sill  or 
frame. 

UNDERPITCH  GROIN.  A  groin  formed  by 
the  intersection  of  two  cylindrical  vaults  or 
arches. 

UNGULA.    A  part  of  a  cone  or  cylinder. 

UNIVERSITY  (Lat.)  A  seat  of  learning;  an 
edifice  dedicated  to  educational  purposes. 

UPHERS.    A  term  for  scaffold  poles. 

UPRIGHT.  An  old  term  signifying  the  eleva- 
tion or  facade  of  a  building." 

URILLA.    (Same  as  Caulicole.) 

URN  (Lat.)  An  architectural  decoration  or  or- 
nament generally  used  to  finish  a  balustrade. 


VAGINA  (Lat.)  The  base  of  a  pillar  or  pedestal 
with  a  niche  for  a  bust. 
VALLEY  (Lat.)    A  term  used  to  denote  the 
joining  of  two  different  sides  or  inclines  of 
a  roof. 

VALLEY  BOARD.  A  board  used  in  forming  a 
valley. 

VALLEY  RAFTER.    The  rafters  of  a  roof 

framed  at  the  valley. 
VANE.   A  finial  or  metal  termination  to  a  roof. 
VANISHING  LINE    )  Terms  used  in  perspec- 
VANISHING  POINT  }    five  drawing. 
VAPORARIUM.    (Same  as  Caldarium. ) 
VARNISH.    Resin  or  gums,  as  mastic,  sanda- 

rac,  copal,  amber,  asphaltum,  etc.,  cut  in 

alcohol. 

VASE  (Lat.)  The  bell  of  a  classic  column;  an 
ornamental  architectural  design. 

VAULT  (It.)  An  arched  roof  of  masonry;  an 
underground  apartment. 

VAULT  COVER.  A  stone  slab  covering  a 
vault. 

VAULT  LIGHT.  An  arrangement  of  heavy  glass 

in  a  vault  cover. 
VAULTED  CEILING.    Much  the  same  mean- 
ing as  Vault.    A  ceiling  plastered  on  the 

form  of  an  arch. 
VAULTING  SHAFT.  A  small  column  or  shaft 

projecting  from  a  wall  and  supporting  the 

vaulting  ribs  of  a  groining. 
VALARIUM  (Lat.)  The  name  of  a  great  canvas 

awning  used  to  cover  a  Roman  amphi 

theatre. 


VEL 


YLE 


VELLAR  CUPOLA.    A  sort  of  square-shaped 

arched  ceiling,  springing  from  four  walls;  a 

groined  ceiling. 
VENEER.    A  thin  sawing  or  leaf  from  selected 

woods,  used  in  decorative  art. 
VENETIAN  DOOR.    A  door  arranged  with 

side  lights. 

VENETIAN  STYLE.  A  certain  style  of  archi- 
tecture practiced  by  the  Venetians  during 
the  15th  and  16th  centuries. 

VENETIAN  WINDOW.  A  triplet  window:  a 
central  window  between  two  narrow  ones. 

VENT.    The  flue  or  shaft  of  a  chimney. 

VENTI  DUCT.  A  passage  or  vent  duct  for  the 
introduction  of  fresh  air. 

VENTILATING  BRICK.    A  perforated  brick. 

VENTILATION.  A  scientific  arrangement  to 
facilitate  the  passage  of  foul  and  fresh  air. 

VERANDAH.  A  colonnade  or  gallery  open  on 
one  side  supported  by  columns  on  one  side. 

VERGE.  A  term  used  to  denote  an  edge  or 
eave. 

VERGE  BOARDS.   (Same  as  Barge  Boards.) 

VERMICULATED  WORK  (Lat.)  A  peculiar 
kind  of  stone-work  in  imitation  of  worm- 
eaten  wood. 

VERSED  SINE.  The  height  from  the  spring 
line  of  an  arch  to  the  intrados. 

VERTEX  (Lat.)  A  point  or  the  top  of  any  ar- 
chitectural design. 

VESICA-PISCES.  A  geometrical  figure  of  lines 

VESTIBULE  (Lat.)  The  first  apartment  at  the 
entrance  of  the  house;  an  entrance;  a  com- 
municating apartment. 

VESTRY  (Lat)  An  apartment  or  room  attached 
to  a  church.  A  sacristy. 

VIADUCT.  A  bridge;  a  trestle-work;  a  struct' 
ure  spanning  a  valley  or  river. 

yjgE  j-  (Fr.)    A  spiral  or  winding  stairway. 

VILLA.  A  country  or  suburban  residence;  a 
large  dwelling. 

VISORIUM.  The  audience  portion  of  an  an- 
cient amphitheatre. 

VITRIFICATION.  A  method  of  glazing  argil- 
laceous earths  by  burning. 

VITRUVIAN  SCROLL.  A  scroll  that  is  formed 
of  a  series  of  the  same  design. 

VIVO  (Ital.)   The  shaft  of  a  column. 

VOLUTE.  A  peculiar  scroll-like  vine  used  as 
the  principal  feature  of  the  capitol  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  orders  of  architecture. 

VOMITORIUM.  The  aisles  or  passages  in  a 
Roman  amphitheatre. 

VOUSSOIR.  The  name  given  to  the  stones 
forming  an  arch;  a  keystone. 


WAGGON  HEADED     )  A   term  given  to  a 
WAGGON  VAULT  f    barrel  ceiling  or 
vault.    (See  Barrel  Vault.  .) 
WAINSCOT        )  (Dutch.)    A  panel  work  of 
WAINSCOTING  J    wood;  a  lining  to  a  wall. 
WALL  (Lat.)   To  enclose  or  surround;  a  term 

for  the  enclosing  structure  of  a  building. 
WALL  PLATE.    A  piece  of  timber  placed  on  a 

wall  to  receive  the  ends  of  joist. 
WARD.   The  court  of  a  castle;  a  room  in  alios 
pital. 


WATER  CLOSET.    A  sanitary  invention. 

WATER  JOINT.    The  joint  between  stone. 

WATER  TABLE.  Much  the  same  as  Belt,  par- 
ticularly designating  a  lower  belt  near  the 
ground. 

WEATHER  BOARD.    (Same  as  Clapboard.) 
WEATHER  COCK.    A  vane. 
WEATHERING.    Any  beveled  part  or  slant  to 

throw  off  rain. 
WEATHER  MOULDING.  Same  as  drip  mould. 
WEATHER  TILING.    The  covering  of  a  wall 

with  tile. 

WEIGHTS  OF  A  SASH.  The  weights  secured 

to  sash  to  facilitate  raising. 
WELCH  GROINS.    The  groins  of  a  circular 

vault,  one  of  which  is  below  the  other. 
WELL  /  A  stair  opening;  an  opening  in 

WELL  HOLE  f     a  floor. 
WHEEL  WINDOW.  (See  Catherine  Wheel.) 
WHITE  LEAD.    The  body  or  base   of  lead 

colors. 

WICKET.    A  small  hole  in  a  door. 
WIND  BEAM.    (Same  as  Collar  Beam.) 
WINDERS.    The  triangular  steps  of  a  circular 
stairway. 

WINDING*  STAIRS.  A  circular  or  semi-circu- 
lar stairway. 

WINDOWS  (Danish.)  An  opening  through 
which  light  is  transmitted. 

WINDOW  BLIND 

WINDOW  JAMB 

WINDOW  SHUTTER 

WINDOW  STOOL 

WINDOW  TRACERY 
of  Gothic  windows. 

WINGS.    An  addition 
ing. 

WIRE  GAUGE.  A  scale  of  numbers  or  sizes  to 
designate  the  dimensions  of  wire. 

WITHS    |  (Sax.)    The  partitions  between  the 

WITHES  f    flues  of  a  chimney. 

WOOD.    A  fibrous  growth  used  in  building. 

WOOD  BRICK.  Blocks  of  wood  used  in  ma- 
sonry to  secure  the  finished  work  to. 

WORKING  DRAWINGS.  Enlarged  details  of 
scale  drawings  for  the  better  use  of  the 
builder. 

WREATHED  COLUMNS.    Twisted  columns; 

one  entwined  with  wreaths. 
WREATHED  STRING.    The  circular  portion 

of  a  hollow  newel  stairs. 
WROUGHT  IRON.  Pure  iron  in  natural  state. 
WYATT  WINDOW.  A  square  window  divided 

into  three  lights. 


Terms  used  in  building 
to  designate  parts  of 
a  window. 

The  ornamental  work 
•  projection  to  a  build- 


XENODOCHIUM.  A  reception  room  in  a  mon- 
aster}'.   (See  Arnbulatory. ) 

XYSTOS  )(Gr.)  A  long  Greek  portico,  open 
XYSTUS  )     or  covered. 


YARD        )  (Sax.)    A  measure,  either  lineal, 
YERD  f    square  or  solid;  three,  nine  or 
twenty-seven  feet;  an  enclosure;  a  court  or 
area;  an  ancient  term  for  a  rafter. 
YELLOW  PINE.    Pinus  sylvestris  or  fir. 
YLE.    An  early  English  term  for  aisle 


zac: 


ZOT 


ZAz2oCHO  i(Ital->  The  base  or  plinth  of  a 
ZOCOO     \    column  or  pedestal. 

ZKTA  )  (Gr.)  An  ancient  term  for  a  cham- 

ZETICULA  J    her,  sitting,  or  dining  room. 

Z1UZA<;  MOULDING.  A  characteristic  mould- 
ing much  used  in  the  arches  of  Gorman 
buildings. 

ZINC    A  metal  used  in  building. 


ZINC  "WHITE.    A  pigment  or  paint. 
ZOCCO  ) 

ZOCCOLO  -  A  moulding  of  a  square  section. 
ZOCLE  | 

ZOPHORIC  COI.U.MX.    A  column  supporting 

the  figure  of  an  animal. 
ZOPHORU8.    Same  as  Freeze,  which  see. 
ZOTHECA.    A  r  n  or  alcove  connected  to  a 

larger  apartment 


A.  W.  Wolff,  President.  llarcus  ttunge,  Secretary.  H.  1).  Bunge,  Superintendent. 


The  Wolff  Bros  Mfg.  Co. 

Sash,  Doors,  Bunds, 
frames, 

MOULDINGS,  STAIRS. 


Interior  Finish  in  Hard  and  Soft  Wood. 


OFFICE,  ERIE  AND  CURTIS  STS. 
TELEPHONE,  W.  421. 


Factory,  Warerooms,  etc.,  Erie,  Curtis,  Ohio  and  Carpenter  Sts.    CH I CAGO. 


Hardwood  G-rilles 


and    IF'n.ZET  "WOU-IS.. 


We  have  an  ENDLESS  VARIETY  OF  DESIGNS  from  which  to  select.  Or 
will  make  estimates  from  Illustrated  Circular  and  Price-List,  which  will  be  sent  on 
application  to 

CHICAGO  GRILLE  MFG.  CO., 

W.  A.  ENNISSON  &  CO.,  Props., 
Room  1004,  Chicago  Opera  House  Block,       -         -       CHICAGO,  ILL. 


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A  Department  is  published  for  each  branch  of  the  Trade,  and  ably 
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benefits  to  be  derived  from  having  complete  plans  of  modern  houses  at  hand  for  reference 
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BADENOCH  BROS. 

WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL  DEALERS  IN 

Doors,  Mows,  Stairs,  Mouldings.  Etc. 


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And  Superintendent  of  Construction. 

Plans,  Designs,  Details  and  Specifications 

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Thirtv-five  Years'  Experience 

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